V23

invisible

But many genes are actually  invisible to natural selection,, vô hình, tàng hình, ẩn

regulate

Another way this has been explained  is if the genes that regulate sexual  , quy định, điều chỉnh, kiểm soát

shuffling

"Okay. Well, it mixes up the genes.  It's like shuffling a deck of cards,, sự xáo trộn, sự lộn xộn, sự xáo trộn bài

asexual

get to pass on all of their genes  through asexual reproduction?, vô tính, hướng vô tính, không sinh sản

fungi

like certain plants and fungi,, nấm, vi khuẩn, mốc

roughly

if it throws away roughly half the genes?, khoảng, xấp xỉ, sơ bộ

centric

Now, there is a big question this  gene-centric view still has to address., trung tâm, tập trung, lấy … làm trung tâm

kin

is known as kin selection., họ hàng, bà con, thân tộc

sibling

it's also going to share half of its genes  with the child, but also any siblings., anh chị em, anh em, chị em

altruistic

Well, look at what happens when you use these  two frameworks to explain altruistic behavior,, vị tha, cao thượng, bác ái

timid

Well, if the penguin’s set of genes  make it more likely to be timid,, nhút nhát, timid, e dè (90%= shy)

framework

Now, you might think this framework  isn't all that groundbreaking., khung, cấu trúc, khuôn khổ

expense

even if they do so at the expense of others., chi phí, sự tốn kém, kinh phí

propagate

Genes that maximize their own survival  are the genes that propagate best,, lan truyền, truyền bá, nhân giống

cohesive

So a chromosome doesn't stay together  as a cohesive replicating unit,, gắn kết, thống nhất, liền mạch