Eukaryotic cells

Label each organelle.

Label each organelle.

What are similarities and differences of plant and animal cells?(3)

plant cells have everything animals cells have except a few:

• cellulose cell wall with plasmodesmata

• Vacuole

• Chloroplast

What is the function of plasmodesmata?

Channels that allow exchange of substances with other cells

What is the description of cell surface membrane?

• found where

• Made of mainly what

• the membrane that is found on the surface of the animal cells & just inside the wall of other cells

• Mainly made of lipids and proteins

What is the function of cell surface membrane?(2)

• regulates _____ of s______ …..?

• Also has r_____ molecules to allow it to respond to molecules such as …

• regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell

• Also has receptor molecules on it which allows it to respond to molecules such as hormones

What is the description of a nucleus?(2)

• surrounded by?

• and contains _______(made from……)and …..?(2)

• a large organelle that is surrounded by a nuclear envelope which is a double membrane and contains many pores

• Nucleus contains chromosomes (made from protein bound linear DNA) and one or more structures called a nucleolus

What is the function of a nucleus?(4)

• controls cell how?

• DNA contains instructions to..

• What do nuclear pores allow?

• What is the function of nucleolus?

• controls the cells activities by controlling transcription of DNA

• DNA contains instructions to make proteins

• Nuclear pores allows substances such as RNA to move between nucleus and the cytoplasm

• Nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis

What is the description of mitochondria?

• shape?

• membrane?

• Inside is a m____ which contains e____ invoked in what?

• usually oval shaped

• Double membrane, the inner one is folded to create cristae (crista)

• Inside is the matrix which contains enzymes involved in aerobic respiration

What is the function of mitochondria?(2)

• site for……, where _____ is s_____

• They are found in _____ numbers in cells that are very ____ and require…(eg _____)

• the sites of aerobic respiration, where ATP is synthesised

• They are found in large numbers in cells that are very active and require lots of energy (e.g muscle cells)

What is the description of chloroplasts?(4)

• shape+size and found where?

• Membranes?(2)

• A small, flattened structure, found in plant and algal cells

• Surrounded by a double membrane

• also have membranes inside called thylakoid membranes these membranes and stacked up in some parts of the chloroplast to form grana

• Grana are linked by lamellae, which are thin flat pieces of thylakoid membranes.

What is the function of chloroplasts?(2)

• site of..

• Where does this happen(2)

• site where photosynthesis takes place

• Some parts of photosynthesis takes place in grana and other in stroma, which is a think fluid found in chloroplast

What is the description of Golgi apparatus?(2)

• a group of fluid-filled membrane bound flattened sacks found

• Vesicles are often found at the edges of sacs

What is the function of Golgi apparatus?(2)

• process and packages what?

• Also makes…

• processes and packages new lipids and proteins

• Also makes lysosomes

What is the description of Golgi vesicles?

A small fluid-filled sac found in the cytoplasm that is surrounded by a membrane and is produced by the Golgi apparatus

What is the function of Golgi vesicles?

• like a delivery person

Store lipids and proteins produced by Golgi apparatus and transport them out the cell via cell surface membrane (known as exocytosis)

What is the description of a lysosome?

• a round organelle surrounded by a membrane with no clear internal structure

• A type of Golgi vesicle

What is the function of lysosomes?

• contains what+ example, separate from what and do what

• Contains hydrolytic enzymes (e.g lysosomes)

• These are kept separate from cytoplasm by surrounding membrane

• And can be used to hydrolyse invading cells or worn-out components of the cell

What is the description of a ribosome?(3)

• size + found where

• Made of what?

• Membrane?

• very small organelle that either floats in cytoplasm or attached to RER

• Made of proteins and RNA

• Not surrounded by a membrane

What is the function of ribosomes?

Site of protein synthesis

What is the description of Rough ER?

• a system of membranes enclosing fluid filled sacs/cisternae

• Consistent with nuclear envelope

• Surface is covered with ribosomes

What is the function of RER?

• processes and packages what made where?

Process and packages proteins made at the ribosomes

What is the description of Smooth ER?

Similar structure to RER, but no ribosomes

What is the function of SER?

• does what to proteins and lipids

Synthesises and process proteins and lipids

What is the description of a cell wall?

A rigid structure that surround the cell in plants algae and fungi

• in plants and algae it is made of cellulose

• In fungi it is made of chitin

What is the function of the cell wall?

Supports/strengthens the cell and prevents it from changing shapes

What is the description of the cell vacuole?

• membrane bound organelle found where

• Contains what?

• The surrounding membrane is called…

• a membrane bound organelle. Found in the cytoplasm of plant cells

• It contains cell sap = a weak solution sugar and salts

• The surrounding membrane is called the tonoplast

What is the function of the cell vacuole?(2)

• helps maintain what and keeps the cell r____ this stops plants from w____

• Involved in the what with unwanted c______

• Helps maintain the pressure inside the cell and keeps the cell rigid. This stops plants from wilting.

• Also involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cells

Can any cell provide the best condition for all functions, and what does this mean?

No cell can provide the best conditions for all functions. This means cells of multicellular organisms are each specialised in different ways to perform a particular role

• All cells within an organism are produced by ______ _____ from a fertilised egg.

• Therefore, they all contain the same ____

• However only some genes are ______ so _____ varies and number of different o____ varies

• mitotic division.

• Genes

• Expressed, shape, organelles

Explain what is happening in this photo.

• the zygote undergoes motions to produce embryonic stem cells

• They then undergo differentiation to become all the different specialised cells for an organism

Epithelial cell in small intestine is a specialised cell.

Explain how it’s specialised.(2)

• it’s cell surface membrane has folds (microvilli) which increase surface area= increases rate of diffusion of amino acids and glucose

• It has large amounts of mitochondria for active transport of these substances

Explain how sperm cell is specialised.(3)

• lots of mitochondria to swim to egg

• Contains hydrolytic enzymes to break into egg

• Long tail to swim to egg

• What is a tissue?+examle

• What is a organ?+example

• what is a organ system?+example

• A group of cells working together to perform a specific function eg xylem

• A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function eg heart

• A group of organs working together to perform a specific function eg digestive system