Ethnic

What was the purpose of the Indian Removal Act?

To force migration of Native American tribes from the East Coast to west of the Mississippi River.

Who was the president that pushed for the Indian Removal Act?

Andrew Jackson.

What justification did white Americans use for the Indian Removal Act?

They claimed Native Americans were not using the land as God intended.

What promises did the government make under the Indian Removal Act?

The government promised annual funds, goods, food, and guaranteed the new lands would not be taken from Native Americans.

What did the Homestead Act of 1862 accomplish?

Opened up Native American land in Kansas and Nebraska to white homesteaders.

What government promises were associated with the Homestead Act of 1862?

Annual funds, goods, and food were provided, along with guarantees that the new lands would not be taken from Native Americans.

What was the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868?

An agreement between the Sioux and the United States concerning the Great Sioux Reservation.

What restrictions were put on hunting and fishing in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868?

It restricted U.S. hunting and fishing on the Great Sioux Reservation.

What was significant about the Black Hills in the conflict with the Sioux?

The Black Hills were part of the land at the center of the conflict and comprised 1.3 million acres.

How did the discovery of gold in the Black Hills impact Sioux land?

It increased pressure on Sioux land and contributed to conflict over the Black Hills.

What was the Battle of Little Bighorn?

An important battle involving Colonel Custer and Crazy Horse in the conflict between the United States and the Sioux.

What was the eventual outcome for the Black Hills concerning the Sioux?

The Sioux reluctantly sold the Black Hills to the United States.

What did the Appropriations Act of 1871 change regarding Native American tribes?

It changed their legal status from sovereign states to domestic dependencies.

What was a consequence of the Appropriations Act of 1871?

Native American tribes were confined to reservations.

What did the Allotment Act (Dawes Act) of 1887 do?

It divided tribal lands into individual allotments.

Why did settlers support the Dawes Act?

They believed Native Americans had more land than they could occupy and questioned government support for them.

How was land distributed under the Dawes Act?

The government surveyed reservation lands and allocated individual tracts to tribal members.

What happened to surplus land after allotment under the Dawes Act?

Surplus land was sold to the U.S. government, with funds placed in a trust to help assimilate Native Americans.

What was the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934?

It abandoned the effort to require Native Americans to adopt Anglo lifestyles and embraced a pluralistic policy.

What leadership changes did the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 bring?

It provided for voting and the election of leaders among Native Americans.

What economic organization was allowed by the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934?

Native Americans were allowed to organize themselves as corporate businesses.

What was the aim of the Termination Act of 1953?

To end Native American dependence on federal government welfare programs.

What did the Termination Act of 1953 seek to end?

Federal services to Native lands, including medical services, water, sewer, electricity, schools, and road projects.

What was encouraged by the Termination Act of 1953?

Encouraging Native Americans to leave reservations and migrate to cities.

What barriers to assimilation faced many Native Americans under the termination policy?

A lack of education or job skills.

What urban consequences did relocated Native Americans face?

Problems including slum housing, depression, and health issues.

What was the rate of return migration to reservations by 1965?

Approximately one-half to one-third returned to reservations.

When were services restored to reservations?

In 1975.

What was the Employment Assistance Program?

An initiative to relocate Native Americans to cities and provide educational and employment assistance.

What is the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)?

An agency created in 1824 under the Department of War.

What does 'Native American brain drain' refer to?

The loss of educated or skilled people from reservations when they remained in cities after advancing their education.

What did the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988 allow?

It allowed negotiated gambling agreements on reservations.

What did the American Indian Religious Freedom Act protect?

It protected Native Americans' right to practice their traditional religions.

What was recognized regarding Peyote in 1994?

The right to use peyote in traditional religious practice.