chapter 26 , bio

what may have been similar to photosynthetic eukaryotes and the sister group to all other plantae?

glacuphytes

describe the chloroplast membranes of glaucophytes

they are made of peptidoglycan

red algae is…

multi cellular

mostly marine

holds onto substrate using a holdfast

how does red algae get its color?

from the photosynthetic pigment called phycoerythrin

the chloroplast in red algae have…

chrolophyll a and other accessory pigment

two traits of green plants

1. have chlorphyll b and a

2. store photosyenthetic products as starch in chloroplasts

synapomorphy of land plants

embryo protected by tissues of the parent plant

embryo protected by the tissues of the parent plant

embryophytesb

vascular plants have…

1. tracheids which are fluid conducting cells

2. a well developed vascular tissue

vascular plants are also called

tracheophytes

land plants need…

water transport system

physical support

way to spread progeny

avoid desiccation

adaptations of land plants

1. cuticle

2. stomata

3. gametogenia - organs enclosing gametes

4. embryoyes protected by a structure

5. thick spore walls

6. pigment for protection from UV rays

7. associations with fungi for nutrition

sporophyte

multicellular diploid plant

what is the sporangia?

specialized reproductive organ

what do cells in the sporangia create ?

undergoes meiosis to produce haploid unicellular spores

what do spores develop into ?

a multicellular haploid plant - the gametophyte

gametophytes produce…

haploid gametes by mitosis

fusion of gametes creates…

diploid zygote

the zygote them develops into…

the multicellular sporophyte

in nonvascular plants, the gametophyte is…

1. larger

2. longer lived

3. self sufficient

than the sporophyte

give examples of nonvascular plants

liverhorst

hornworts

mosses

give four key featers of nonvasular plants

1. thin cuticle or no cuticle

2. water transport done by diffusion

3. lack true leaves, stems or roots

4. non vascular transport system - plants are short

describe the sporophyte and gametophyte relationship with mosses

the sporophyte is nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte

that are permanently attached to each other

in moss, where does the gametophyte produce gametes ?

in the archegonia and the antheridia

in moss, how must sperm be transferred

sperm must swim or be splashed by raindrops to an archegonium to fertilize an egg

what does gametophyte development begin as in mosses?

protonema

some filaments of protonema contain

chlorophyll

some protonema help anchor to substrates called

rhizoids

how do mosses get additional water transport for when they get big?

hydroids are specialized cells that die and form channels through which water and move

2 novel features of vascular plants

tracheids

branching independent sporophyte

where did tracheid cells that conduct water evolve in?

sporophytes

transport of water and minerals and rigid structural support allow plants to

grow tall and compete for light

aid in spore dispersal

vasuclar plants developed a what type of sporophyte

branching, independent

a branching sporophyte can

produce more spores

develop in complex ways

most ferns live in what type of habitats

moist habitats that require water for transport of male gametes

in ferns the sporangia…

is borne on a stalk in clusters called sori on the underside of the leaves

what is pollination in seed plants ?

pollination is when a pollen grain lands near a female gametophyte

describe the process of pollination in seed plants

1. the pollen tube elongates and digests through the sporophyte tissue until it reaches the megasporangium

2. the pollen tube then releases sperm

3. the fertilization creates a diploid zygote

4. the zygote then becomes a embryonic sporophyte

5. growth is then stopped and a multicellular seed is created

ovule

megasporangium + integument

what are the three generations that contribute to seeds

1. seed coat - developed from the integument (diploid sporophyte parent)

2. haploid gametophytic tissue supplies nutrient to the embryo

3. embryo itself - the new diploid sporophyte generation

earliest plants had…

thickened woody stems produced by secondary growth

the wood was also known as secondary xylem

what do almost all gymnosperms have only for water transport ?

tracheids

what is the only gymnosperm that doesn’t only have tracheids for water transport ?

gynophytes

describe the reporductive structures in conifers

megastrobilus - female seed bearing cone

• the seeds are protected by a tight cluster of woody scales which are modifications of branches

microstrobilus - smaller (pollen-bearing) cone

-typically not woody; the scales are modified leaves, beneath which are the pollen-bearing microsporangia

describe the pine life cycle

1. wind carries a pollen grain from the male cone to the female cone

2. the pollen grain enters an opeining in the integument called the micropyle

3. two sperms race through the pollen tube, one fertilizes, the other degenerates

most conifer ovules are born on…

the surface of cone scales. the scales are tightly pressed together to protect the seed

whats special about juniper berries ?

they are an examples of a conifer that has a soft, fleshy, fruit like cone tissue surrounding the seeds

what is another example of fruitlike extensions of seeds ?

arils

these are yew berries

angiosperms

enclosed seed - have flowers and fruits

after fertilization in angiosperms…

the flower ovary become true fruit

carpel

in angiosperms, this is a modified leaf that encloses the ovules and seeds and provides protection from self pollination

the female gametophyte in angiosperms is…

highly reduced

usually only seven cells

synapomorphies of angiosperms

1. double fertilization

2. germination of pollen on a stigma

3. phloem with companion cells

4. endosperm (nutritive tissue for embryo)

what are the sexual structure of angiosperms

flowers

infloresnce

a group of flowers

in angiosperms, what bears the megasporangia ?

the carpels

what do the carpels in angiosperms consist of

stigma, style, and ovary

in angiosperms what bears the microsporangia ?

stamens

what do the stamens consist of in angiosperms?

filaments and anthers

collection os ptelas

corolla

collection os sepals

calyx

purpose of petals and sepals

protection of carpels

attract pollinators

most angiosperms are pollinated by…

animals like insects, bats, or birds

many flowers entice pollinators with nectar and pollen as

food rewards

what type of flowers do birds pollinate

flowers are red and odorless

what type of flowers do insects pollinate

usually have odors

describe double fertilizartion nin angio sperms

1 sperm combines with the egg to produce a diploid zygote

the other sperm combines with 2 haploid nuclei to form a triploid endosperm

in angio sperms, the zygote develops into an embryo consisting of…

1. embryonix axis (developing into roots or stems)

2. cotyledons (seed leaves) that digest and absorb endosperms, and enlarge and become photosynthetic when the seed germinates

describe the physical seperation of dioecious species in aginosperms that prevents self fertilization

pollination only occurs when one flower pollinated the other

describe the genetic prevention of self fertilization in anginosperms

the s locus gene encodes proteins in the pollen and style that interact during the recognition process

the s locus gene has many alleles

when the pollen carries an allel that matches an allele of the recipiant pistil, the pollen is rejected

the rejected pollen either fails to germinate or prevented from growing through the style

fertilization in angiosperms initiates the growth of…

1. embryo

2. endosperms

3. integuments

4. carpels.

i aginosperms, the carpel becomes the ___ that surrounds the seed

wall of the fruit

when seeds develop what happens?

they loose water and become dormant

what do fruits do?

protect the seed from damage and infection

aid in seed dispersal

simple fruits

develop from one carpel

plum, cherry

aggregate fruits

develop from multiple carpels of a single flower

rasberry

multiple fruits

form from a cluster of flowers

pineapple, fig

accessory fruits

develop from parts in addition to caarpels and seeds

apple, pears, strawberry

monocots in angiosperms

one cotyledon

grasses, cattails, lilies, orchids, palms

eudicots in angiosperms

two cotyledons

most seed plants including most herbs (nonwoody plants)

wines, trees, and shrubs