Science Review: Atomic Structure, Distillation, and Cellular Transport

Vocabulary flashcards covering atomic structure, scientific models of the atom, distillation techniques, plant vascular tissues, factors affecting diffusion, and osmotic solutions.

Simple distillation

A separation process that separates a dissolved solid in a liquid in order to keep the liquid.

Fractional distillation

A separation method that separates liquids with different boiling points.

Proton

A subatomic particle located in the nucleus with a mass of $1$ and a charge of $+1$.

Neutron

A neutral subatomic particle located in the nucleus with a mass of $1$ and a charge of $0$.

Electron

A subatomic particle with a mass of $0$ and a charge of $-1$.

Atomic number

The number of protons in an atom, which is equal to the number of electrons.

Mass number

The total number of protons plus neutrons in an atom.

dalton

Scientist who described atoms as solid spheres and explained how different spheres make up different elements.

JJ thompson

Scientist who created the plum pudding model, showing that atoms are not solid spheres but a ball of positive charge containing negatively charged particles (electrons).

Ernest rutherford

Scientist who fired positive particles at gold foil, discovered that the atom is mostly empty space with a tiny, dense, positive nucleus, disproved the plum pudding model, and created the nuclear model.

bohr

Scientist who suggested that electrons orbited the nucleus in shells so the atom does not collapse.

Prokaryotik cells

Cells that contain genetic material (long string) and plasmids, but have no nucleus or mitochondria.

Xylem

Plant tissue that transports water and minerals.

Phloem

Plant tissue that carries food.

Diffusion

The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Concentration gradient

The difference in the amount of particles in two areas; a bigger difference results in faster diffusion.

Diffusion distance

The distance particles have to travel; a shorter distance results in faster diffusion.

Partially permeable membranes

Membranes that only let some types of particles through, such as water.

Dilute

A solution that contains more water.

Concentrated

A solution that contains less water and more substance.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water molecules from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution.

Isotonic solution

A solution outside the cell that has the same solute concentration as inside the cell, resulting in water moving in and out at equal rates with no net movement.

Hypotonic solution

A solution outside the cell that has a lower solute concentration (more dilute) than inside the cell, causing water to enter the cell by osmosis and make it swell.

Hypertonic solution

A solution outside the cell that has a higher solute concentration (more concentrated) than inside the cell, causing water to move out by osmosis and make the cell shrink.

Cell wall

A strong structure in plant cells that helps prevent them from bursting when water enters.