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What are the four functional zones of a neuron, and what does each one do?

Dendrites/soma = input, create/receive EPSPs + IPSPs; axon hillock = combines EPSPs + IPSPs and determines threshold; axon = carries AP; axon terminals = release NTs.

What are cranial nerves I–VI, including sensory/motor classification and main function?

I Olfactory (S) = smell; II Optic (S) = vision; III Oculomotor (M) = eye/eyelid/pupil; IV Trochlear (M) = eye down/in; V Trigeminal (S/M) = face sensation + chewing; VI Abducens (M) = eye outward.

What are the meninges and what does CSF do?

Dura = tough outer; Arachnoid = middle; Pia = thin inner. CSF surrounds/cushions CNS in subarachnoid space → protection, buoyancy, nutrient/waste transport., Choroid plexus = PRODUCES CSF

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems differ?

Sympathetic = fight/flight: ↑HR, dilates pupils, ↓digestion; mostly NE at targets. Parasympathetic = rest/digest: ↓HR, constricts pupils, ↑digestion; ACh at targets.

What do Nissl, myelin, and Golgi stains show, and what is the Neuron Doctrine?

Nissl = neuronal cell bodies; myelin stain = myelinated axons; Golgi = detailed whole neurons. Golgi developed stain; Cajal used it to study neurons. Neuron Doctrine = neurons are separate individual cells that communicate.

What are immunofluorescence, MRI, and fMRI used for?

Immunofluorescence = fluorescent antibodies identify proteins; MRI = brain structure/anatomy; fMRI = brain activity using BOLD (Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent signal.)

How do ionotropic and metabotropic receptors differ, and what do agonists/antagonists do?

Ionotropic = ion channel → FAST; Metabotropic/GPCR = second messengers → SLOW + longer-lasting; agonist = activates/mimics; antagonist = blocks.

What should you know about glutamate, GABA, NMDA, AMPA, GABA-A, and GABA-B?

Glutamate = main excitatory NT → learning/memory; AMPA = Na⁺ IN → fast EPSP; NMDA = Ca²⁺ IN → synaptic strengthening/LTP; GABA = main inhibitory NT; GABA-A = Cl⁻ IN → fast inhibition; GABA-B = GPCR, often K⁺ OUT → slow inhibition.

What are ACh's source, functions, and receptor types?

Source = basal forebrain + brainstem; functions = learning/memory + muscle contraction + parasympathetic; Nicotinic = ionotropic → usually excitatory; Muscarinic = metabotropic/GPCR → can excite, inhibit, or modulate.

Where is dopamine produced/projected, what does it do, and what receptor types does it use?

Substantia nigra → striatum = voluntary movement; VTA → mesolimbic/mesocortical = reward, motivation, emotion, goal-directed behavior; all dopamine receptors = GPCR; D1-like generally stimulatory; D2-like generally inhibitory.

Where is serotonin produced, what does it do, and what do 5-HT1/5-HT2 receptors do?

Raphe nuclei in brainstem; functions = mood, sleep, memory, cognition; 5-HT1 = inhibitory GPCR; 5-HT2 = excitatory GPCR.

Where is norepinephrine produced, what does it do, and what receptor type does it use?

Source = locus coeruleus + lateral tegmental cells; functions = alertness, mood, attention/memory + sympathetic fight-or-flight; α/β receptors = metabotropic/GPCR.

What do the longitudinal fissure and central sulcus separate, and what do frontal/parietal lobes do?

Longitudinal fissure = L/R hemispheres; central sulcus = frontal/parietal + primary motor/somatosensory; frontal = planning, decisions, behavior, movement; parietal = touch, pain, body position + spatial/perceptual processing.

What do the dorsolateral, orbitofrontal, and medial prefrontal cortex do?

Dorsolateral = reasoning, problem solving, working memory; Orbitofrontal = social behavior + reward; Medial = emotion, motivation, initiation; overall PFC = planning + decision-making.

What do the premotor cortex, SMA, primary motor cortex, frontal eye fields, and Broca's area do?

Premotor = plans/prepares movement; SMA = plans complex internally generated movement sequences; Primary motor = initiates/executes voluntary movement; Frontal eye fields = voluntary eye movement; Broca's = speech/language production.

What do the temporal and occipital lobes do, and what are the dorsal/ventral visual streams?

Temporal = hearing; Wernicke = language comprehension; hippocampus = memory; amygdala = emotion/fear; Occipital = visual processing; Dorsal → parietal = WHERE/HOW; Ventral → temporal = WHAT.

What are the major nervous-system cell types and their main functions/locations?

Neurons = signaling; Purkinje = cerebellar inhibitory/GABA neurons for movement coordination; Astrocytes = CNS support/reg; Oligodendrocytes = CNS myelin; Schwann = PNS myelin; Microglia = CNS immune/cleanup; Ependymal = line ventricles/CSF-related; Satellite = PNS support in ganglia.