Benchmark 2

Charles Fourier

Advocated for self-sufficient communities called "phalanxes" and emphasized social harmony and cooperation.

Robert Owen

Promoted cooperative communities known as "villages of cooperation" and focused on improving working conditions and providing education for all members of the community.

Industrialization

The process of transforming an economy from agrarian to industrial, resulting in increased productivity, economic growth, social changes, and environmental challenges.

Steam Power

Invention of James Watt's steam engine, which revolutionized manufacturing and transportation by providing an efficient and reliable source of power.

Putting-out system

Cottage industry system where merchants provided raw materials to rural workers who produced goods at home, offering flexibility in working hours.

Factory system

Centralized production in large factories with machinery and fixed working hours, leading to increased productivity and mass production capabilities.

John D

Business magnate and philanthropist in the oil and petroleum industry, founder of Standard Oil, and one of the richest individuals in history.

American Manifest Destiny

Belief that the United States was destined to expand across the continent, resulting in westward expansion, the acquisition of new territories, and increased territorial size, population growth, and cultural diversity.

End of Reconstruction

Marked the end of certain liberties for African Americans, leading to the rise of Jim Crow laws, limited access to education and voting rights, and the persistence of racial discrimination until the Civil Rights Movement.

Little Bighorn

Battle between Native American tribes and the U.S. Army, resulting in a Native American victory and the death of General Custer and his troops.

Wounded Knee

Massacre of Lakota Sioux by the U.S. Army, symbolizing the end of Native American resistance in the West.

Emiliano Zapata

Rebel leader calling for land reforms in Mexico, associated with the Zapatista movement and advocating for the redistribution of land and the end of the hacienda system.

Railroads

Cornerstones of U.S. economic development, facilitating the expansion of markets and trade, connecting different regions, stimulating industrial growth, and transforming the transportation industry.

Crimean War

Conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, resulting in Russians not gaining control of Ottoman lands and leading to reforms in military and medical practices.

Selim III

Ottoman Sultan who faced tension and conflict with the Janissaries, elite Ottoman infantry force, and aimed to modernize the military, but was deposed in a revolt.

Emancipation of serfs

Key Russian reform in 1861, resulting in freedom for serfs, redistribution of land, and the creation of a new class of peasants, but with limitations in terms of heavy taxes and limited access to education and political rights.

Treaty of Nanjing

Ended the First Opium War between China and Britain, resulting in China ceding Hong Kong, paying indemnity, opening treaty ports, and granting extraterritoriality to British citizens.

Circumstances of Japan's forced opening

Forced to open ports for foreign trade through treaties like the Treaty of Kanagawa and the Harris Treaty, leading to further opening and modernization efforts during the Meiji Restoration.

Boers

Dutch settlers in South Africa who fought against British colonial rule in the Boer Wars to protect their independence, land, and cultural identity.

Organizers of 1857 Indian uprising

Key figures include Mangal Pandey, Rani Lakshmibai, Bahadur Shah II, Tatya Tope, Nana Sahib, Kunwar Singh, Begum Hazrat Mahal, Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah, Bakht Khan, and Azimullah Khan.

Berlin Conference

Organized by European powers to regulate colonization and trade in Africa, resulting in the partitioning of Africa, the imposition of unequal treaties, and the exploitation and colonization of Africa by European powers.

1917 Russia

Key events include the Bolshevik Revolution, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Russian Civil War, War Communism, New Economic Policy, formation of the Soviet Union, Red Terror, famine, Cultural Revolution, and the rise of Joseph Stalin.

Francis Ferdinand and WWI

Assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, leading to the July Crisis, the outbreak of WWI, trench warfare, new weapons, the Treaty of Versailles, and global political, social, and economic changes.

Triple Alliance in WWI

Defensive military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy to counterbalance the Triple Entente, formed in 1882 and collapsed during WWI.

Schlieffen Plan

German military strategy to quickly defeat France and then focus on Russia, relying on a rapid invasion through Belgium, but failed and led to a prolonged war on the Western Front

Keynesian economics

An economic theory developed by John Maynard Keynes that emphasizes the role of government intervention in managing economic fluctuations and promoting economic growth.

Great Depression

A severe worldwide economic downturn that lasted from 1929 to the late 1930s, characterized by high unemployment, deflation, and a decline in industrial production.

Stalin's First Five-Year Plan

A plan implemented by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1932, aimed at rapidly industrializing the country and collectivizing agriculture.

National Socialism

An ideology and political movement led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany during the early 20th century, characterized by extreme nationalism, anti-Semitism, and the belief in Aryan racial superiority.

Nuremberg laws

A set of laws enacted by Nazi Germany in 1935 that stripped Jews of their citizenship and rights, prohibited marriage and sexual relations between Jews and non-Jews, and segregated Jews from the rest of society.

Satyagraha

A nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience movement developed by Mahatma Gandhi in India, aimed at achieving social and political change through truth, love, and nonviolence.

Maoism

An ideology developed by Mao Zedong in China, emphasizing class struggle, revolution, peasant-led movements, self-reliance, and mass mobilization.

India Act of 1937

A law passed by the British Parliament in 1935 that provided for provincial autonomy in British India, increased Indian representation in legislative bodies, and marked a significant step towards India's move toward independence.

European-educated indigenous elites

Indigenous individuals who received education in European institutions and played a crucial role in independence movements in colonized countries, bridging the gap between traditional societies and modern political ideologies.

Japan's turn to militarism

The shift towards a militaristic government in Japan during the Great Depression, driven by economic challenges, loss of faith in democratic institutions, and nationalist sentiment.