[psy 21 - exam 1 content] textbook chapter 3

Neuroscience

The study of how nerves and cells send and receive information from the brain, body, and the spinal cord.

Neurodiversity

The appreciation of the inherent differences among individuals in how their brains function.

Nervous system

The network of neurons that run throughout your brain and body.

Spinal cord

Encased in the spine; it communicates signals between the brain and body.

Central nervous system (CNS)

The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

The part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord; includes somatic and autonomic systems.

Somatic nervous system

The division of the PNS that controls voluntary movements and external sensations.

Autonomic nervous system

The division of the PNS that regulates involuntary bodily functions.

Sympathetic nervous system

Part of the autonomic system that governs the fight or flight response.

Parasympathetic nervous system

Part of the autonomic system that promotes rest and digestion.

Endocrine system

A network of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream.

Hormones

Blood-borne chemicals that regulate bodily activities.

Hippocampus

A brain structure essential for memories of time and place.

Amygdala

A brain structure involved in emotional associations.

Neurons

The basic building blocks of the nervous system that transmit information.

Action Potential

A rapid electrical impulse sent down the axon, generated by ion movement across the cell membrane.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messages that transmit signals across synapses between neurons.

Synapse

The gap between the axon terminals of the sending neuron and the dendrites of the receiving neuron.

Opioids

Psychoactive drugs that provide pain relief and can lead to addiction.

Agonists

Drugs that mimic or enhance the action of neurotransmitters.

Antagonists

Chemicals that block neurotransmission by competing with neurotransmitters.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, composed of its complete set of genes.

Phenotype

Observable characteristics resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment.

Neural Plasticity

The brain’s ability to modify and adapt itself throughout life.

Glial cells

Support cells in the nervous system that insulate and nourish neurons.