Anatomy/Digestive System Science Olympiad 2018

Alimentary Canal

tubular passage of mucous membrane and muscle extending about 8.3 meters from mouth to anus

Accessory Canal

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Helps the Digestive system

Mechanical Digestion

Part of digestion that uses movement and muscles to break down food

Chemical Digestion

the digestion process in which enzymes are used to break foods into their smaller chemical buiding blocks

Stomach Ulcers

open sores or lesions found in the stomach or duodenal mucous lining - most ulcers (80 percent of gastric ulcers and 90 percent of duodenal ulcers) develop as a result of infection with a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).

Duodenal Ulcers

Ulcers of the small intestine caused by an excessive secretion of hydrochloric acid and Helicobacter pylori infection and mucus layer breaks down.

Cancers of the Digestive system

cancers that occur in various areas of the digestive system

Lactose Intolerant

congenital disorder consisting of an inability to digest milk and milk products

Hepatitis

inflammation of the liver caused by a virus or a toxin. Can cause build-up of scar tissue, which prevents ur liver from functioning correctly. Cirrohosis is when u have a lot of scar tissue.

Appendicitis

an illness in which the appendix is infected and painful and usually needs to be removed in an operation

Crohn's Disease

chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract. Chronic digestive inflammation causing fever, cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, and anorexia

GERD

gastro esophageal reflux disease. Backflow of the contents of the stomach into the esophagus

Diverticulosis

condition in which bulging pouches in the gastrointestinal tract push the mucosal lining through the surrounding muscle

32

The amount of permanent teeth in the oral cavity

enamel

The outer layer of the tooth that is the body's hardest substance

Pulp

The innermost layer of the tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves, the soft inner part of a tooth

Esophagus

muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach via peristalsis

Peristalsis

the process of wave-like muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along. as the muscles above contract, the muscles ahead relax.

Stomach

the reservoir that stores food and starts the chemical digestion of protein.

Pharynx

the passage to the stomach and lungs

connects the nasal cavity, oral cavity, air passageway, and epiglottis

Fundus

superior cap of the stomach

body

the thick main portion of the stomach

Pylorus

the constricted portion connected to the small intestine

Cardiac sphincter

-the circular arrangement of smooth muscle fibers -where the esophagus meets the stomach

-the lower esophageal sphincter

-not really a sphincter

pyloric sphincter

the sphincter muscle of the pylorus that separates the stomach from the duodenum

Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus

Name 8 different parts of the alimentary canal

Salivary Glands, Liver, Gall Bladder, Pancreas

Name 4 accessory organs to the alimentary canal

Serosa

Which layer of the alimentary canal is composed of visceral peritoneum, on the outer covering, and reduces friction?

Lactose Intolerant

What is it called when sugar remains undigested, increasing the osmotic pressure of the intestinal contents and drawing water into the intestines?

Peptidase

Breaks proteins into petides

Amylase

Breaks down starch and glycogen into disaccharides

Nuclease

Breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides

Lipase

Breaks fats into fatty acids and glycerol

Pepsin

Begins protein digestion

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypetides

Breaks down peptides into amino acids

Sucrose, maltose, lactose

Breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides

small intestine, large intestine

Which two organs does Crohn's disease effect?

Colorectal Cancer

The following symptoms indicate what disease: changes in frequency of bowel movements, narrowing of feces, blood in feces, abdominal pain, weight loss, fatigue and unexplained vomiting.

Diverticulosis

The following statement indicates what disease: Parts of the intestinal wall weaken and the inner mucous membrane protrudes through.

Celiac Disease

Malabsorption of proteins found in grains is called?

acute glomerulonephritis

What disorder of the renal system is developed 1-3 weeks after beta-hemolytic streptococcus?

Urethra

Urinary tract infections are started when bacteria comes from the bladder to the__________ ?

Nose, Nasal Cavity, Sinuses, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchial Tree, Lungs

Name the eight parts of the respiratory system

Pressure and Volume are inversely related

What is Boyle's Law?

chewing (mastizing)

hydrolysis (enzymeatic breakdown)

What are the 2 ways the mouth breaks down food?

tongue/lingula and teeth

What 2 mouth organs help chew?

intrinsic - change the size (widen/narrow, lengthen/shorten)

extrinsic - let us move the tongue (elongate and in/out)

What are the 2 types of muscles that your tongue has and what do they do?

around 7. If it gets below 5.5, it can start to degrade your teeth.

What is a normal pH range for one's mouth/buccal cavity/oral cavity?

to give taste .

If your mouth doesn't break down food enough to absorb nutreines, why does it even break down food?

serous content (enzymes)

mucin things (mucin to wet food)

What are the two types of things that our glands secrete?

parotid (above the jawbone) - biggest - posterior to cheecks

submandibular (release most saliva and are below the jaw)-more serous

sublingual (under the tongue)- smallest-more mucus

von Ebner's (tip of tongue)

What are the 4 types of salivary glands and where are they?

breaks down carbs

submandibular, parotid, and sublingual

What glands release alpha-amylase and what does alpha-amylase break down?

von Ebner's

breaks lipids

What glands release lipase and what does lipase break down?

cheeks, lips, primary teeth, secondary teeth, tongue, palate,

What are the parts of the oral cavity?

digestion begins - chewing and hydrolysis

What is the function of the mouth

to swallow

what is the function of the pharynx

to propel bolus to stomach

what is the function of the esophagus?

storage of food

making chyme

churning/hudrolysis - digestion of protein

what is the function(s) of the stomach?

absorption of food

What is the main function of the small intestine?

absorption of water and salt and vitamin K and waste storage

What is the main function of the large intestine

rectum stores the waste that will be eliminated by the anus

what is the main function of the rectum and anus?

ingestion

intake of food

digestion

breakdown of food into molecules small enough to be absorbed

absorption

trasport of the procusts of digestion into to the blood

defecation

elimination of undigested waste

incisors

canines

pre-molars/bicuspids

molars

What are the 4 types of teeth that you have?

wisdom teeth. Removed b/c they often poke through ur gums instead of secified hole and can cause infection

What is another name for your third molars and why does about 3/4 of the population remove them?

lower jaw

mandible

upper jaw

maxilla

gums

gingiva

8

biting and cuting food (incision)

How many incisors do you have and what is their function?

4

grasping and tearing food - breadsticks

How many canines do you have and what is their function?

8

crushing and grinding food

How many pre-molars do you have and what is their function?

12

gridning food (like pre-molars)

How many molars are you ideally supposed to have and what is their function?

maxilla and mandible are symmetrical

right and left are symmetrical

Where are the teeth symmetrical?

ring of skeletal muscle that prevent backflow.

upper esophageal sphincter

skeletal muscle

upper 1/3 of esophagus

skeletal muscle and smooth muscle

middle 1/3 of the esophagus

smooth muscle

lower 1/3 of the esophagus

circular - contract above

longitudinal - relax ahead/below

what 2 muscles aid in peristalsis?

parietal cells - HcL

chief cells - pepsinogen

mucous cells - mucin

What are the 3 types of cells that the stomach has and what do they release?

inactive form of pepsin that has to mix with HcL to make pepsin

what is pepsinogen

protein

what does pepsin break down

bolus and gastric juices and enzymes

chyme

-metabolism

-storage of carbs and fats

-turning protein into albumin

-detoxification

-bile production

What are the 5 functions of the liver?

glycogen

triglycerides

lipoproteins

What are the 3 ways carbs and fats can be stored as in the liver?

they react with many substrates and are useful for detoxificiation in the liver

What does cytochrome P450 enzymes do?

the amount of the medicine that the liver will take away b/c they perceive the substance as foreign

What do physicians have to take into account when prescribing medicine?

to store bile.

what is the function of the gall bladder

the hormone CCK (cholecystokinin)

What causes the gall bladder to release its contents back into the cystic duct?

-common hepatic duct

-cystic duct

-gallbladder

-cystic duct

-common bile duct

-duodenum

What is the path that bile takes after being made in the liver?

bile pigments (give it color)

bile salts (emulsify- organize fats into micells)

What are the 2 parts of bile?

protal vein

proper hepatic artery

common hepatic duct

What 3 passages make up the portal triad?

gives the liver nutrients from the small bowel

what does the portal vein do?

supplies the liver with oxygen

What does the proper hepatic artery do?

takes bile to from the liver to the cystic duct

What does the common hepatic duct do?

portal vein branch in a hepatic lobule

What is a sinusoid

Describe a hepatic lobule

carbs

What food does the mouth partially digest?

uvula

What is the name of the structure in the month that is ultimately responsible for getting the

epiglottis to close over the trachea?