Hormones

Where is ADH produced?

hypothalamus (sent to posterior pituitary gland)

What does ADH target?

kidneys, blood vessels, and intestines

What is the cause of ADH production?

dehydration and increase in blood osmolarity

Effect of ADH on body

water retention and vasoconstriction

Where is aldosterone produced?

adrenal cortex

What does aldosterone target?

kidneys and sweat glands

Cause of aldosterone production

decrease in blood volume & decrease in Na+ or increase in K+ in blood plasma

Effect of aldosterone on body

increase water and Na+ retention; increase in K+ excretion; regulates blood volume and pressure

Where is calcitonin produced?

thyroid gland

What does calcitonin target

bones and kidneys

What is the cause of calcitonin production

high [blood calcium]

Calcitonin effect on body

decreases calcium in blood (osteoblast)

Where is cortisol produced

adrenal cortex

What does cortisol target

all cells

What is the cause of cortisol production

hormonal (ACTH)

Cortisol effect on body

regulates glucose metabolism and primary stress hormone; increase glucose formation from glycogen in liver; increase gluconeogenesis from fats and proteins

Where is epinephrine produced?

adrenal medulla

What does epinephrine target

all cells (especially blood vessels and heart)

What is the cause of epinephrine production

neural (associated with fight or flight)

Epinephrine effect on body

increase heart rate, strength, and blood pressure; increase glycogen and fat catabolism for E

Where is erythropoietin produced?

kidneys and liver

What does erythropoietin target

bone marrow

Cause of erythropoietin production

low [blood oxygen]

Erythropoietin effect on body

increase [blood oxygen] because of increase erythrocytes

Where is estrogen produced?

ovary, testes, placenta, adrenal cortex

Where does estrogen target

ovary, uterus, mammary gland

Cause of estrogen production

puberty and pregnancy

Effects of estrogen on body

secondary sex characteristics; pregnancy preparation and continuation; accumulation of fat

Where is FSH produced?

anterior pituitary gland

What does FSH target?

ovaries and testes

What is the cause FSH production

GnRH

Effect of FSH on the body

males- stimulates sperm production; females- stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen

Where is gastrin produced?

stomach

What does gastrin target

chief and parietal cells in the stomach

Cause of gastrin production

food reaching the stomach

Effect of gastrin on body

chief- secrete HCl; parietal- helps with digestion

Where is glucagon produced?

pancreas (alpha cells)

What does glucagon target

liver and adipose tissue

Cause of glucagon production

low blood glucose levels

Effect of glucagon on body

increase blood sugar level

Where is GnRH produced?

hypothalamus

What does GnRH target

anterior pituitary gland

Where is insulin produced?

pancreas (beta cells)

Where does insulin target

most cells

Whats the cause of insulin production

high blood glucose levels

Insulin effect on body

decrease blood sugar levels

Where is LH produced?

anterior pituitary gland

Where does LH target?

ovaries and testes

Effect of LH on body

males- stimulates hormone productiuon; females- triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone

Cause of LH production

GnRH

Where is melatonin produced?

pineal gland

Where does melatonin target?

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

What causes production of melatonin

light/dark cycle, mood, puberty timing

Effect of melatonin on body

sleep/wake cycles, preproduction patterns and development

Where is Norepinephrine produced?

adrenal medulla

Where does norepinephrine target

all cells (especially heart and blood vessels)

Cause of norepinephrine production

neural (assosciated with fight or flight)

effect of norepinephrine

increase heart rate, strength, and blood pressure; increase glycogen and fat catabolism for E

Differences between epinephrine and norepinephrine

different structure\= binds to different receptors; epi secretion- by adrenal only; norepi secretion- adrenal and brain neurons

Where is oxytocin produced?

Hypothalamus (stored in posterior pituitary)

Where does oxytocin target

uterus, mammary glands, and male reproductive tract

Cause of oxytocin production

neural

Effect of oxytocin on body

smooth muscle contraction in body; milk release/ejection; uterine contraction; ejaculation

Where is PTH produced?

parathyroid gland

Where does PTH target

bones and kidneys

Cause of PTH production

low [blood calcium]

Effect of PTH on body

increase calcium in blood (osteoclast)

Where is secretin produced?

small intestine (duodenum)

What does secretin target

pancreas, stomach, and liver

What causes the production of secretin

active chyme (food)

Effect of secretin on the body

pancreas sends out digestive juice rich in bicarbonate; inhibits gastric production in stomach; stimulates liver to produce bile; overall regulate pH within duodenum

Where is testosterone produced?

testes, ovaries, and adrenal glands

Where does testosterone target?

prostate, seminal vesicle, and bones

Cause of testosterone production

mainly puberty

Effect of testosterone on body

secondary sex characteristics, spermatogenesis, bone muscle health

Where is TH produced?

thyroid gland

Where is TRH produced?

hypothalamus

Where is TSH produced?

anterior pituitary gland

TRH, TSH, TH

TRH (low TH levels(hypothalamus)) \---\> TSH (APG)\------\> TH (thyroid)

TH effect on body

increase ATP & enzyme heat production; increase muscle and bone development