Abnormal Psychology: Foundations, Diagnostic Systems, and Theoretical Perspectives

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering clinical definitions of abnormality, historical milestones, diagnostic methods, biological mechanisms, epigenetics, and major psychotherapeutic paradigms.

The first criterion for a psychological disorder is __________, which requires that the observed behavior involve a measurable degree of impairment.

clinical significance

Archeological evidence dating back to $8000\text{ B.C.}$ reveals the ancient spiritual practice of __________, which involved cutting holes into a living skull to release evil spirits.

trephining

Published in Germany in 1486 by two Dominican monks, the __________ became the Church's justification for persecuting, torturing, and executing supposed witches.

Malleus Maleficarum

In 1841, a Boston schoolteacher named __________ campaigned before the Massachusetts Legislature for state-funded public hospitals to ensure humane treatment for mentally ill patients.

Dorothea Dix

The deinstitutionalization movement was spurred in 1963 by the federal passage of the __________ Construction Act.

Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Center

In evaluating a diagnostic system, __________ refers to the extent to which clinicians provide the same diagnoses consistently across individuals exhibiting the same symptoms.

reliability

In the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), clinicians record psychosocial and environmental problems using a designated category known as __________.

Z codes

Recurrent patterns of abnormal behavior or experience that are limited to specific cultural areas and lack clear physiological sources are designated as __________.

culture-bound syndromes

A person's complete genetic makeup is their genotype, whereas one of two or more alternative variations of a gene is termed an __________.

allele

Inheritance involving the joint impact of multiple gene combinations to determine a psychological characteristic follows a __________ model.

polygenic

Internal, biobehavioral abnormalities that are not outwardly observable but link genetic and neurobiological mechanisms to mental illness are called __________.

endophenotypes

In genetic family inheritance studies, monozygotic (MZ) twins share $100\%$ of their genotype, while dizygotic (DZ) twins share an average of __________ of their genomes.

$$50\%$$

As illustrated in the diagram, __________ is an epigenetic mechanism in which a methyl group binds to DNA, resulting in the gene being turned off.

DNA methylation

A small genetic variation where a single nucleotide letter replaces one of the other three within an individual's DNA sequence is called a __________.

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

In 1950, French chemist Paul Charpentier synthesized __________, a groundbreaking psychotherapeutic medication that transformed psychiatric care in the 1960s.

chlorpromazine

The Portuguese neurosurgeon __________ introduced the prefrontal lobotomy in 1935, winning a Nobel Prize in 1949 for this early form of psychosurgery.

Egas Moniz

Developed in 1937 by Italian neurologist Ugo Cerletti, __________ induces brief seizures through electrodes attached across the patient's head.

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

According to Freud, the id operates under the __________ principle, demanding the immediate and total gratification of primal sexual and aggressive drives.

pleasure

The ego functions according to the reality principle and utilizes logical, analytic problem solving termed __________ process thinking.

secondary

The Freudian defense mechanism of __________ involves transforming an unacceptable impulse or feeling into its exact opposite.

reaction formation

In psychodynamic theory, channeling an unacceptable sexual or aggressive drive into a socially constructive activity is known as __________.

sublimation

Carl Jung asserted that the collective unconscious is composed of universally inherited images and motifs known as __________.

archetypes

The psychodynamic theorists Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson are collectively known as the __________ group due to their focus on conscious identity and adaptation.

ego psychology

Mary Salter Ainsworth devised an experimental observation method known as the __________ to examine variations in infant attachment styles.

Strange Situation

Joseph Wolpe developed __________, a counterconditioning technique where clients are exposed to a graduated fear hierarchy while maintaining a state of deep relaxation.

systematic desensitization

An institutional behavioral intervention where clients receive tokens for performing adaptive target behaviors that can be redeemed for privileges is a __________.

token economy

In Albert Ellis's A-B-C model of cognition, the letter 'B' stands for irrational __________, which mediate the reaction between activating events and emotional consequences.

beliefs

Aaron Beck defined __________ as deeply entrenched, maladaptive rules or beliefs that produce negative automatic thoughts.

dysfunctional attitudes

A client-centered intervention called __________ helps individuals commit to behavior changes by accepting distressing subjective thoughts rather than fighting them.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

Carl Rogers used the phrase __________ to describe the demanding expectations and standards parents place on children as preconditions for receiving love.

conditions of worth

In client-centered therapy, providing total, nonjudgmental acceptance of everything a client feels, says, and does is termed __________.

unconditional positive regard

Abraham Maslow categorized basic physical and psychological needs as __________ needs because they represent states where the individual strives to obtain something lacking.

deficit

An intergenerational family therapist frequently diagrams family histories and multigenerational relationship patterns using a __________.

genogram

An inpatient psychiatric intervention that turns the entire institutional environment into a supportive therapeutic community is known as __________.

milieu therapy