heart anatomy, cardiac cycle, and landmarks

what does systole represent

ventricular contraction and ejection of blood

what does diastole represent

ventricular relaxation and filling

which valves close to produce S1

the mitral and tricuspid valves

which valves close to produce S2

the aortic and pulmonic valves

where is S1 heard loudest

at the apex of the heart

where is S2 heard loudest

at the base of the heart

where is the aortic auscultation area

2nd right intercostal space sternal border

where is the pulmonic auscultation area

2nd left intercostal space sternal border

where is Erb’s point

3rd left intercostal space sternal border

where is the tricuspid auscultation area

5th left intercostal space sternal border

where is the mitral auscultation area

5th left intercostal space at the midclavicular line

what mnemonic identifies the five cardiac auscultation sites

All People Everywhere Teach Me

what is the PMI

the point of maximal impulse; normally located near the cardiac apex

what can a displaced PMI indicate

cardiac enlargement or other cardiac pathology

what characteristics of the PMI should be assessed

location, size, amplitude, and duration

what is a cardiac thrill

a palpable vibration caused by turbulent blood flow

a cardiac thrill is most commonly associated with what

a significant heart murmur or abnormal turbulent blood flow

what happens to the AV valves during systole

they close

what happens to the AV valves during diastole

they open to allow ventricular filling

about how much of the cardiac cycle is systole

1/3

about how much of the cardiac cycle is diasole

2/3