Lab 1 Exam

What are the 6 Steps to the Scientific Method?

Observation, Ask questions, Hypotheses and Prediction, experimentation, presenting and analyzing, and interpreting

What Makes a good question?

A good question are focused and testable

What are the 5 parts to a good hypotheses

1) Consistent with existing observations and known info 2) made before the experiment 3) statement of the outcome 4) result can be accepted or rejected 5) rejected results can still provide valuable information

Supported hypotheses will lead to __

Predictions

For an experiment what 2 setup groups do you need? What are they?

1) Experimental Group: Contains the independent Variables

2) Controlled group: Does not receive treatment

Both are used to test for the dependent variable and each should contain standarize variables

What’s the difference between independent and dependent Variable?

Independent: The variable that the researcher changes or controls to see if it causes an effect.
Dependent: The variable that the researcher measures or observes to see if it is affected by the independent variable.

What makes a confident experiment results?

Repeatability and sample size

What should a “table” contain ( 5 things) ( Where are independent and dependent variables located)

Title, columns and rows, independent variables in the column, units of measurements within the rows labeled, and ata

What should a “graph'“ Contain? ( where is Independent and dependent variables located)

Numbered title describing the graph, independent variables on the X axis and dependent variables on the Y, labeled axes with appropriate names and units, use different symbols with a key if needed

When to use a bar graph vs Line Graph?

A bar graph is use for different categories while a line graph is one category but is continuous showing data over time.

Why do we interpret the data?

To relate the results to the hypothesis and see if we either accept or reject the hypotheses

Does the US follow the Metrix system or British imperial system,?

British Imperial System

For the Metrix system, what is the unit of measure for volume, length, mass/weight, and temperature

Volume = Liters (L) | Length = meters (M) | Mass/weight = Grams (g)| Temperature = Celsius (C)

Prefix unit table from biggest to smallest

Kilo, hecto, deca, UNIT, deci, centi, mili, micro

What is this? What does it measure?

Serological Pipette: measure and transfers liquids for small units of 10 mL or less ( VOLUME)

What is this?

Manual pipette pump which helps control by a wheel where it will draw in or dispense liquids

What is this? Function?

Transfer pipette: plastic bulb to suck in or dispense

For a 5mL pipette, how much is each tic mark?

Each tic mark will be 0.1. Since 1/10 = 0.1

For a 1 mL pipette, how much is each tick mark?

Each tic mark willl be 0.01 because 0.1/10

What is this?

Erlenmeyer flask

What is this?

Beaker

What is this?

Graduated Cylinder

What is mass?

Quantity of matter of an object

What do we use to measure mass?

Digital Scale or the Triple Beam Balance

What do we use to measure length?

Ruler and meter stick?

How many cm in 1M? How many mm in 1 CM?

100 cm in 1 M | 10 mm in 1 cm

What are macromolecules and the 4 types?

Macromolecules are organic molecules produced by the cell and consist of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Carbohydrates functions?

An energy source and store energy

Lipids Function?

Forms the plasma membrane and stores excess energy

Proteins Function?

Forms structural elements of cells & catalytic molecules called enzymes ( chemical reaction causing)

Nucleic Acids Functions?

stores genetic information and directs synthesis of proteins

Ninhydrin

Protein | Monomer - Amino Acid | MSG - “Monosodium glutamate “

Biurets

Protein | Polymers - Polypeptide | Albumin

Benedicts Reagent

Carbohydrates | Monomer - Monosaccharides | Glucose

Lugol’s Iodine

Carbohydrate: Polymer: Polysaccharide | Glycogen/starch

What test are used to detect Carbohydrates?

Benedicts regeants and Lugol’s Iodine

What test are used to detect proteins?

Ninhydrin and biurets

System used by the US and two additional countries for weights and measure

British Imperial System

Metrix unit of temperature

Celsius

Unit of measure for liquids.

Liter

Standing container that i used to carefully measure volumes of liquids. often has a plastic base with a narrow glass tube with many lines.

Graduated Cylinder

Measurement unit for weight.

Gram

Base unit for the measurement of length in the Metrix system

Meter

small tubes used to transfer fluids with an added plastic pump. Tubes are rigid plastic and do not bend. Often have a cotton in one end.

Serological pipette

small tubes with built in plastic bulb used to move small milliliters volumes of fluids. Tube bulb is soft plastic, as is the entire small tube.

Transfer pipette

Tool used to measure the weight of an object by moving weights along gradations along three bars.

Triple beam balance

System of weights and measures used in most of the world. system of measure used in science

Metrix system

Cone shaped container for fluids, with a wide base and narrow bottleneck

Erlenmeyer flask

plastic attachment with a wheel and plinger used to aspirate or dispense fluids from serological pipettes

Pipette pump

A solution used to detect the presence of polypeptides

Biruets

A chain of monomers linked by covalent bonds

Polymers

Chain of monosaccharides

polysaccharides

Turns purple when added to amino acids

ninhydrin

A polypeptide found in blood, egg white, and milk

Albumin

A monosaccharide produced by plants

Glucose

An amino acid that is also used as a food flabor enhancer since it triggers the “umami” taste

MSG / monosodium glutamate

class of macromolecules that are important for structural fibers in cells, present in monomer and polymer forms

Protein

Monomer of proteins

Amino Acids

Polysaccharide produced by plants. Appears white in water

Starch

Name for the polymer form of protein

Polypeptide

General name for single subunits of macromolecules

Monomer

Macromolecule class that includes glucose and starch

carbohydrates

aturns orange or green if boiled with monosaccharide

Benedict

Chemical that can be used to detect polysaccharides

Lugols iodine

This part has a small lever that moves left and right to increase or decrease contrast. As a result it also affects brightness by changin the amount of light hitting the sample.

Iris Diaphragm

Focuses light onto the specimen from from below the stage. Can be adjusted with a knob

Condenser

Moves the stage up and down quickly. Should be used only when the 4X objective is in place

Coarse focus knob

Holds the objective lenses and is the control for adjusting total magnification

Revolving nose piece

What part of the microscope should be held when moving it

Arm & Base

Increase or decrease light amount of electricity to the light bulb

Voltage regulator

The eyepieces you look through to see the image, provides a fixed 10X magnification

Ocular Lenses

Circular area you can see when looking at a specimen through the oculars

Field of view

where you place a slide for viewing

stage

moves the sample left or right, up or down in the field of view

X & Y controls

Color of the 4X objective

Red

Color of the 10X objective

Yellow

Color of the 40x objective

Blue

Magnifies the sample but can be switched between weaker or stronger powers to increase total magnification

Depth of field