blood and its composition

blood vascular system

evolved to provide for the transport of nutrients to the cells after they had become so numerous and so distant from the surface that diffusion was no longer adequate

plasma

occupies the top portion and is the liquid component of blood, which the cells and colloids are suspended and other transported substances are dissolved

blood volume

the function of lean body weight and is generally 8 to 10% of body weight

BV=PV/(1-Hct)

blood volume formula

venous blood

slightly more acidic than arterial blood

pH

the chemical notation for the logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration in gram atoms per liter of solutions

leukocytes

classified as either granulocytes or agranulocytes

granulocytes

classification of leukocytes that contains granules in the cytoplasm

agranulocytes

classification of leukocytes containing few if any granules in the cytoplasm

neutrophils

are neither markedly acidophilic nor basophilic and incorporate both basic and acidic components into their granules

basophils

neutrophils

eosinophils

the three types of granulocytes

basophils

it only accepts the basic (hematoxylin) component

eosinophils

only accepts the acidic or eosin component

monocytes and lymphocytes

two types of agranulocytes

granulocytes and monocytes

produced in the bone marrow from myeloid stem cells known as myoblast and monoblast respectively

lymphocytes

originated from a lymphoid stem cell known as a lymphoblast in lymph tissue such as lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and various lymph white clusters in the intestine and elsewhere

6 to 20 hours

how many hours does granulocytes can be present in the blood

100 to 200 days

how many days do T cells long lived

2 to 4 days

how many days do B cells live

phagocytosis

ingestion of particulate matter

pinocytosis

the ingestion of extracellular fluid

phagocytosis

pinocytosis

two forms of endocytosis

azurophilic granules

other granules

type of granule in the neutrophils cytoplasm

azurophilic granules

they are the lysosomes of the neutrophil and supply enzymes to digest the ingested bacteria, viruses and cellular debris

other granules

granule that produces hydrogen peroxide which is potentiated by peroxidase

lactoferin

substances within specific granules include collagenase and an iron bonding protein

lactoferrin

it has a very high affinity for ferric iron and can deprive phagocytized bacteria of the iron they need for further growth

pus

dead neutrophils and their liquid

abscess

the accumulation of pus within a collective tissue capsule

heterophil

the leukocyte comparable to the neutrophil in birds

macrophages

it kills phagocytize the microbes by their acidic pH

cortisol

it reduces the eosinophil count by enhancing eosinophil diapedesis and by diminishing the release of eosinophils from the bone marrow

basophil

there's someone similar to the mast cells that are present in the interstitial spaces outside the capillaries

basophil granules

they contain histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, and lysosomal enzymes, substances that initiate and inflammatory response

basophils

they are rare in normal blood and their distribution in blood is usually considered to be less than 1%

basophils

they enhance allergic reactions whereas eosinophils tend to dampen them

lymphocytes

can be classified morphologically as large or small and they are involved in immune responses and are classified as T cells or B cells

t cells

they are involved in cell mediated immunity which involves the formation of large numbers of lymphocytes destroy foreign substances

cytotoxic T cells

helper T cells

memory T cells

three different types of T cells

B cells

do not attack foreign substances directly but instead the plasma cells produce large quantities of antibodies that inactivate the foreign substance

humoral immunity

an immunity known were cells for the large quantities of antibodies that inactivate the foreign substance

opsonization

orange substances are covered by antibody and become vulnerable to phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages

chemotaxis

the complement product attracts neutrophils and macrophages into the local region of the antigenic agent

hemoglobin

principal component of erythrocytes which makes up about 1/3 of the erythrocyte content

methemoglobin

a condition, nitrate poisoning, the hemoglobin formed

carbonmonoxyhemoglobin sometimes called carboxyhemoglobin

another abnormal form of hemoglobin where carbon monoxide occupies the site normally occupied by oxygen

hemoglobin

has an affinity for carbon monoxide that is about 200 times greater than its affinity for oxygen