Chapter 6: Fermentation and Energy Extraction

Vocabulary flashcards covering Chapter 6 lecture notes on fermentation, its trade-offs, and the two stages of energy extraction.

Fermentation

microorganisms break down sugars into small amounts of energy to live

• powers their metabolisms by harvesting energy from chemical bonds, producing byproducts —>preservation and flavor.

Fermentation trade-off for humans

A compromise in which some food is given to microorganisms in exchange for no spoilage.

what are the 2 steps of fermentation

• glycolysis

• fermentation reactions

Glycolysis

energy extraction stage where glucose is broken down into $2$ smaller molecules called "pyruvate," producing NADH and small amounts of ATP.

fermentation reactions

2nd steep of fermentation where NADH donates electrons to pyruvate, producing fermentation products without needing oxygen

Pyruvate

The $2$ smaller molecules formed from the breakdown of glucose during glycolysis.

how does body use foods macromolecules

digests macromolecules into subunits

what are subunits

sources of energy that are used to make new molecules

how do cells extract energy from food

aerobic respiration

what is aerobic respiration

series of reactions, where oxygen is present, that converts stored food into usable energy (ATP)

aerobic respiration equation

glucose + oxygen —> ATP + CO2 + H2O

what are the 3 steps of aerobic respiration

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport

glycolysis

breaks down good molecules into pyruvate which enters cells mitochondria

• occurs in cytoplasm

citric acid cycle

NAD+ picks up and transfers electrons as NADH

• occurs in mitochondria

-series of reactions where electrons are carried by NADH to mitochondria’s inner membrane

electron transport

NADH cary and release electrons to inter mitochondria membrane folds in the molecule chain and at the end of chain oxygen accepts electrons and combines with hydrogen to make water

• the flow of electrons produce most ATP

• occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane

fiber

a complex carb that humans have no enzymes to break it down

macromolecules stored energy amounts

9- fat

4- proteins and carbs

negligible- nucleic acid

triglycerides

long term energy storage

(how amino acids and glucose are stored in fat cells)

how humans undergo fermentation

glycolysis/fermentation pathway is how cells generate ATP (when oxygen consumption exceeds oxygen intake)