Geography 222 Exam 1 (Dr. Lynn Phillips) UKY

5 themes of geography

Movement, region, location, place, interaction

Largest city in the world

Tokyo, Japan (34.5 million population)

Megacity

greater than 10 mill pop

Metacity

greater than 20 mil pop

Megalopolis

chain or series of large cities usually exceeding 10 mil

Conurbation

An extensive urban area resulting from the expansion of several cities or towns so that they coalesce but usually retain their separate identities

Trends for urbanization for the foreseeable future

Urbanization is growing at a very fast rate

Ancient areas of urban development (Rome, China, Iraq, Egypt, etc.)

Appeared where nature and state of technology enabled cultivators to produce more food and other essential goods than necessary for survival for themselves and their families

Mercantilism - pre-industrial rationale for cities

Restrained individual merchants in favor of society as a whole. Lots of push-back which turned into capitalism that sparked the industrial revolution

Global city locations through time

Along coastlines, up rivers, along trade routes, along RR lines

Urban agglomerations

an extended city or town area comprising the built-up area of a central place (usually a municipality) and any suburbs linked by continuous urban area.

Economies of Scale

A proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production

Post-industrial cities

Largely factories, which demanded a high labor force, and factory workers added their buying power to the city's economy. Found to be in the tertiary and Quaternary sectors of the economy

Graphic on page 19 of textbook

Identifying the mix of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary activities within urban regions as they have changed over time helps identify specific stages of humanity's economic evolution. As time has gone on, there are less primary labor force and more quaternary labor

Walking cities

Idea proposed by British architect Ron Herron in 1964. Building massive robotic structures with their own intelligence that could freely roam the world, moving to wherever their resources or manufacturing abilities were needed. Various walking cities could also interconnect forming larger "walking metropolises" when needed then disperse.

Tenement Laws

Building codes were establishes and as a result: water carriages developed, sidewalks constructed, roads were paved to prevent flooding, improvement in sanitation, schools created, entertainment created. ESTABLISHMENT OF MIDDLE CLASS

Railroad flats

Crowded, unhealthy living conditions, backyard toilet/cesspool, no means of sewage disposal, no windows, no light nor air, unhealthy--spread of disease: cholera, typhoid, TUBERCULOSIS

Agglomeration economies

The benefits that come when firms and people locate near one another together in cities and industrial clusters.

Law of the Indies

Main square with cathedral, town hall, market, gridiron (at right angles) street network (almost like a cross)

Houston and Prairies

Creating impervious surfaces atop prairie areas leads to increased flood risk

Urban density and distance from CBD

The zone of transition, the zone of factory worker's homes, the zone of better residential units, the commuter zone

Squatter settlements

Cheap slums on the outer edges of cities--very rapidly growing and housing cannot keep up. Lack sanitation, no clean or safe drinking water

Christaller

Central place theory: explained the regular size, spacing, and functions of urban settlements as they might be distributed across a fertile agricultural region. Natural form of cities on a flat landscape will naturally form in a hexagon pattern.

Bid rent curve

most expensive real-estate = tallest building in town

Threshold

Minimum amount of sales required to offer a good. If it's too low, it's not worth it. Essentially, the "tipping point" is the threshold.

Range

The distance that people will drive (travel) to obtain a product or service. Can be geographic

Congregation

where people come together (usually people with similar characteristics)

Segregation

separation of people due to a difference (physically or culturally or both)

Redlining: who, what, where, and why?

Denying services, either directly or through selectively raising prices, to residents of certain areas based on the racial or ethnic composition of those areas

Transportation influences internal urban form, as well as distribution of cities across landscape

Example: After Mexico gained its independence in 1821, the new important regional centers emerged, and during this time, foreign investment went into the railroad which triggered regional markets and urban growth.

Ancient Mexico City

Originally named Tenochtitlan, it was the core demographic region of Mexico and home to the Aztecs. After the Spain colonized the region, it was renamed Mexico city and became the capital of the Spanish Empire.

Merchant guilds: why, where, and how?

Created segregated urban spaces for merchants of a specific trade (Venetian, Pisan, and Genovese quarters) in Tyre, England. Churches built to support merchant groups to establish sectors/quarters of cities.

Break in bulk

Same thing as transshipment--unpack and unload to move it to a different transportation. Affects of locations of some cities (Louisville is a break in bulk point because of river)

Primate cities

The largest city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy

Infrastructure

Wastewater treatment, water, roads, schools, parks, libraries, housing, etc.

Burgess theory

concentric zones: 1)central business district 2) wholesale light manufacturing 3) low-class residential 4)medium-class residential

Hoyt theory

Sector theory 5) high class residential 6) heavy manufacturing 7) outlying business district

Harris and Ullman theory

Multiple nuclei theory 8) residential suburb 9) industiral suburb 10) commuter zone

Primary economy

Extraction (mining, fishing, farming)

Secondary economy

Value added through processing, manufacturing raw material into finished goods

Tertiary economy

Services (teaching, accounting, medicine, law, etc.)

Quaternary economy

Knowledge based (research)

Interurban

Studying relationships AMONG a group of cities at national, regional, and global level

Intraurban

Internal locational arrangements of humans, activities, and institutions WITHIN metropolitan areas

Role of immigration in city form, regulation

Many immigrants live in poor areas of the city due to existing racial tensions and language barriers

"Shrinking cities": why and where?

Detroit, Chicago, etc. -- economic activity is moving out of the city to other locations

Role of Houston in the US economy (think: Spindletop)

Oil production

Role of Houston shipping channel to development of Houston's economy

Since it deepened in 1869 and a hurricane destroyed Galveston, Houston became the 8th largest shipping port

Growth machine

Wealthy landowners, car sales, construction contractors, realtors, etc. Houston has no zoning, which means, more land = more development

Relationship between sprawl (horizontal land use change), driving, ozone pollution

Urban sprawl = lots of driving + hot, sunny days = ozone pollution

Restrictive covenants: what are they and why do they matter?

Legally binding agreement between home buyers and developers. Before the fair housing act, this covenant would enforce segregation (1968)

Invasion-succession-gentrification

Essentially, wealthier people move into a poorer neighborhood to make it "nicer and better" but it does NOT improve things for the poorer families being pushed out.

Home Owner's Loan Corporation/ Federal Housing Administration

Would not give loans for certain locations with high risk, no private investment which lead to deterioration of those areas (red-lining). So, it was cheap to buy for realtors who could sell them at higher prices.

Block Busting: role of realtors in promoting segregation

Realtors would take families and steer them towards more expensive housing and then spread rumors of different ethnic groups moving into that neighborhood, which would prompt those residents to sell their property at a very low price to get out quickly.

Fair Housing Act

Prohibited discrimination against the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, or national origin. Unfortunately, many communities were already separated with poor living conditions by the time the Act came to be.

Industrialization: where, why, and how?

Began around 1750 in Great Britain then spread to Europe and North America

Establishment of sectors within cities; ethnic neighborhoods

Ethnic minority groups were living in areas around factories and poor living quality

Decentralization: what does this mean? why does it happen?

New residential migration, businesses follow residential market. Each node forms its own concentric rings, and clusters at transportation interchanges; rent gradient shows land values decrease with distance from interchange.

Spanish colonial cites: how are they similar?

Most followed the law of the indies and focused on mineral extraction of silver and gold.

Creolization

The process in which Creole cultures emerge in the New World. As a result of colonization there was a mixture among people of indigenous African, and European descent, which came to be understood as creolization

Role of plantations in Caribbean

By the late nineteenth century, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico had also become centers of the sugar industry

Role of tourism in Caribbean

Does not benefit the locals, but it does benefit the resorts and tourist locations.

Neo-colonial relationships with former colonizers

Spanish realized that prospects of finding mineral riches were dissipating in the Caribbean rapidly. So, this sparked a major emigration into the Central and South America, leaving many Caribbean islands semi-abandoned (except Havana, Cuba, and San Juan, Puerto Rico). Some European countries (England, France, Netherlands) started to establish colonies there for natural resource extraction and farming.

Impact of trans-Atlantic slave trade on peopling Caribbean

Established the basis for a distinctive Caribbean geography and set the fundamental settlement pattern of Antillean cities, which were first established on protected leeward harbors as trading centers.

Financial services in Caribbean: what makes them good? Lucrative?

Essentially, there are no taxes on income or savings. So, some people create off-shore accounts so their money is not taxed and they can make more money faster in savings.

Impact of tourism on the economies of Caribbean places

Tourism did not positively impact the economy of the locals, and walls were put up around tourist areas, however, resorts and major tourist attractions benefited.

Cancun/Cozumel: story of success in Mayan Riviera

In 1970, Cancun was barely inhabited but hen people took advantage of the isolated locale and started to develop the area: "tourism urbanization." Unlike the glitzy Cancun city and Cozumel island, the Riviera Maya became popular for its natural landscape and cultural history.