Science Section 3 AcaDeca

The behaviors that encompass all the ways in which an animal obtains food (56)

Foraging

The foods an animal is capable of eating (56)

Diet

Foraging behavior is.. (57)

Very plastic across an animals lifetime

Orchid Mantis’s and Chameleons… (57)

All of the above

A role in an ecosystem (57)

Ecological Niche

Animals adapted to an incredibly specific environment (57)

Specialists

Animals that are resourceful and can match a wide variety of environments (57-58)

Generalists

Animals are trying to maximize their energy consumption while minimizing their energy usage (59)

Optimal Foraging Theory

Before Hibernation, Bears eat… (59)

The brain, eggs, and skins of fish

Blue whales eat… (59)

Small fish

The interaction between foraging strategies as a type of contest (59)

Evolutionary Game Theory

The Hawk-Dove Game was made by (59)

John Maynard Smith and George Price

The Hawk-Dove Game describes.. (59-60)

Evolutionary Game Theory

Animals’ application of prior knowledge to a new situation (61)

Generalization

Animals forage in attempt to... (61)

Maintain homeostasis

_____ can maintain animal homeostasis (62)

Salt

The transfer of information from one individual to another (62)

Communication

The behavior that conveys specific information to a receiver (64)

Signals

A guide for animals on when and how to behave (64)

Cue

A form of dishonest signaling (64)

Mimicry

A form of nonverbal communication on which animals heavily rely on (64)

Body Language

Birdsong… (66)

Increases fitness

A type of social learning when animals transmit a shared behavior through generations (66)

Cultural Transmission

An evolutionary process by which behaviors of physical traits are changed due to one sexes preference (67)

Sexual Selection

The act of choosing a partner with whom to mate (69)

Mate Choice

The term for things significantly different based on their sex (69)

Sexually dimorphic

The size of the male peacocks feather being attractive as a result of having more energy to grow feathers is associated with (69)

Runaway selection

Runaway selection was theorized by (69)

Ronald Fisher

Females are the “choosier” sex because (69)

They have limited eggs

Food presented to a female to help determine male fitness (70)

Nuptial gift

The act of hunting and consuming other animals (71)

Predatory behavior

The ways that animals avoid being eaten (71)

Anti-Predatory Behavior

The two main strategies of hunters.. (71)

Sit-and-Wait and Widely Foraging

Most predators are successful less than… (72)

30% of the time

The most successful hunters are… (72)

Dragonflies

Early humans and African Wild Dogs are examples of (72)

Persistence Hunting

The simplest (and often most effective) way of anti-predation (72)

Avoid being detected

Three common strategies of anti-predation that are not concealment (72)

Bright Colors/Noxious Stimulus, Group Defense, Freeze Strategies

A classic example of the evolutionary arms race is… (73)

Snakes and Rodents

Animals that have the highest level of organization (74)

Eusocial

Eusocial animals have… (74)

Caste systems

One male is able to mate with several females (75)

Polygyny

The least common type of mating in nature (75)

Monogamy

Animals that have one preferred mate but sometimes mate with other animals (75)

Social Monogamy

When there are a limited number of mates… (75)

Some animals engage in same-sex relations

Two organisms interacting in a mutually beneficial arrangement (76)

Symbiosis

Interspecies relationship that benefits one organism and hurts another (76)

Parasitic Relationships

Solitary behavior is driven by… (76)

Food

What animals don’t show signs of expressing emotions (77)

Fish and Reptiles

Subjective states that are experienced by an individual in response to stimuli (78)

Emotion

How an animal feels (78)

Affective state

How intense an emotion is (78)

Arousal

How pleasant an emotion is (78)

Valence

Test used to determine how the attention, memory, and judgement of an animals is changed by its affective state (79)

Cognitive Bias Test

A behavioral syndrome can… (80)

All of the above

The process of selectively breeding animals to achieve an outcome that benefits humans (81)

Domestication

The behaviors and appearance of domesticated animals that retain the traits of juveniles (82)

Neoteny

Individuals are _____ (82)

Tamed

The six characteristics of domestication (82)

Fed easily, Mature Rapidly, Breed in Captivity, Docile Nature, Not Skittish, Have a Social Hierarchy

Taming requires the six characteristics of domestication (82)

Not always, but some traits are preferable

Humans breeding animals for specific traits (83)

Selective Breeding

A famous example for domestication over a human lifespan (84)

Silver Foxes with Dmitry Belyayev

A term used by scientists to describe the accelerated effects of humans on environment (85)

Human-Induced Rapid Environmental Change (HIREC)

A common example of a heated debate between human desires and outdoor protection is (85)

Horseshoe crabs and their blood

One of the most successful ways to return animal population numbers, focuses on their conditions (86)

Habitat Restoration