astronomy quiz 5

copernicus, tycho, kepler

where was copernicus from?

poland

copernicus was a _______________ man

renaissance

this person was a: mathematician, physician, astronomer, scholar, translator, AND an economist. boi was doing it ALL

copernicus

what institution was copernicus an employee of?

the church

what 2 universities did copernicus attend?

university of krakow and university bologna

copernicus thought that ptolemy’s model of the universe was aesthetically unpleasant. why?

the equants violated uniform circular motion

what did copernicus write

commentariolus

what was the commentariolus?

40 page outline of copernicus

what are the seven propositions of commentariolus

1) celestial bodies all revolve around a singular point

2) earth is the only center of the moon’s orbit (lunar sphere)
3) all other spheres rotate around the sun

4) distance betw earth and sun is much smaller than distance to stars

5) stars are immovable (motion is just caused rotation of the earth)

6) earth moves in sphere around sun

7) earth’s orbital motion around sun causes retrograde motion of planets

what’s it called when nearby stars move with respect to more distant ones

parallax

what is the idea of parallax a critique of?

aristarchus’s model

mercury and venus are never seen far from the sun, and this is due to ___________ of inner planet

elongation

elongation of inner planets is explained in what model?

heliocentric

what word does the heliocentric model use to describe the motion of the inner planets

transit

the heliocentric model explains retrograde motion without what?

epicycles

what is retrograde motion?

faster moving earth overtakes slower moving outer planet

a planet is brightest during its ______________ loop

retrograde

what are the two phases of venus

ptolemaic and copernican

in the ptolemaic phases of venus, venus only ever shows what two phases?

new and crescent

what did copernicus formally publish his findings in toward the end of his life? he waited so long because he was afraid of being called out for heresy.

de revolutionibus orbium coelestium

name FIVE PROS of heliocentrism

simple

no special rules for planets

retrograde motion outer planets explained

elongation explained

transits explained

nave THREE CONS of heliocentrism

no parallax observed

not more accurate than ptolemy

required epicycles for small corrections

after copernicus, calculations were

simpler

what was needed to confirm copernicus’s system was better than ptolemy’s

telescope

who introduced the concept of the infinite copernicus universe, risking religious controversy?

thomas digges

who was a member of the catholic clergy, but still argued that space extends in all directions, that there’s life on other planets, and was condemned by church and burned at the stake

giordano bruno

what universities did tycho attend?

copenhagen and rostock

what did tycho publish?

stella nova

what did the stella nova say

heavens are not immutable

stella nova =

supernova that exploded

what was tycho’s replacement nose made of?

gold

where was tycho relocated when king frederick II couldn’t tolerate him

prague

tycho was an imperial mathematician to what emperor?

rudolph II

who observed that the comets tail pointed away from the sun?

tycho

in the tychonic system, planets orbit the sun, and the sun orbits what?

the earth

there are no crystalline spheres in the ________ system

tychonic

who used astrology to explain general human behavior with horoscopes

tycho

what university did kepler attend

tubingen

what was kepler’s book

mysterium cosmographicum

in kepler’s model of the solar system, the distance between the 6 planets was represented by what?

5 pythagorean solids

in kepler’s system, each planet is nested on the inner sphere of a ___________ whose outer sphere contains the next planet

polyhedron

what planet did the last sphere of kepler’s polyhedron represent

saturn

what are the 5 regular solids

octahedron

icosahedron

dodecahedron

tetrahedron

cube

who became tycho’s assistant?

kepler

what did kepler do after tycho died?

stole his data

kepler abandoned his use of circular orbits because what planet differed by 8 arcminutes?

mars

what are kepler’s 3 laws of planetary motion?

1) planetary orbits are ellipses

2) a planet in its orbital plane sweeps out equal areas in equal amounts of time

3) square of the period of an orbit is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis

kepler’s laws of planetary motion applied to what comet?

halley

important contemporaries ignored kepler’s work, as they resisted the elimination of ______________ _____________ _____________

circular uniform motion

within kepler’s laws, the period of earth’s orbit is determined to be

1 year

within kepler’s laws, quicker orbits were determined to be of

planets closer to the sun