Final review: The most important connections

Bill 101 and cultural loyalty

Québec protects French because language is central to Québécois cultural identity.

Bill 21 and reasonable accommodation

Bill 21 raises the question of whether secularism should outweigh religious expression.

White Paper vs. Red Paper

The White Paper proposed equal treatment through assimilation; the Red Paper defended distinct Indigenous rights.

Indian Act and assimilation

The Indian Act imposed government control over Indigenous peoples and attempted to assimilate them.

NEP and Western alienation

The NEP increased Alberta's resentment toward federal control of its oil resources.

Vimy Ridge and nationalism

The victory became a symbol of Canadian unity and identity separate from Britain.

Newfoundland and July 1

Canada Day celebrations overlap with mourning for the Newfoundland Regiment's losses at Beaumont-Hamel.

Treaty 7 and Indigenous rights

The treaty established Crown–First Nations commitments, but understandings of land-sharing differed.

Oka Crisis and civil disobedience

Mohawk protests and barricades challenged the government's handling of disputed Indigenous land.

Winnipeg General Strike and class loyalty

Workers prioritized solidarity with one another over the interests of employers and government.

1995 Québec Referendum and sovereignty

The close vote showed a major division over whether Québec should remain in Canada.

Oil sands and contending loyalties

Economic interests can conflict with environmental protection and Indigenous rights.

Michaëlle Jean and multiple loyalties

People can maintain cultural heritage and Canadian national identity at the same time.

Sandra Lovelace and changing the nation

Legal challenges can change discriminatory policies so individual rights are better protected.