Unit 3 WHAP key terms

Indulgences

A piece of paper SOLD by Catholic Church that Christians could purchase to reduce time in purgatory— the place where Catholics believed they would go after death

Jesuits

An order of Roman CATHOLIC PRIESTS who aimed to support the church and COUNTER the growth of the Protestant Reformation through involved missionary work

Sultan

Term describing the SUNNI Muslim leader of the Ottoman Empire

Shah

Term describing the Shi’a Muslim leader of the SAFAVID EMPIRE; borrowed from the original Persian empire that existed two millennia prior in the same area

Mughal empire

A religiously TOLERANT Islamic empire that ruled over the INDIAN subcontinent, which had a majority Hindu population

Manchus

A group of people living in northern china who took control of the Chinese government following the fall of the Ming dynasty (RULED THE QING); were considered foreigners within china before their rise to power and were not allowed to intermarry with the Chinese during the Qing dynasty’s rule (to preserve identity)

Qing dynasty

The last imperial dynasty of china that conquered the previous Ming empire and was ruled by the Manchu people

Safavid empire

SHIA MUSLIM; GUNPOWDER empire; conquered the Persian region and oversaw the golden era of modern day Iran; used its strong military to partake in religious and political conflicts with foreign powers, the largest of which the Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Religiously tolerant SUNNI Muslim empire and one of the gunpowder empires; conquered the BYZANTINE empire, used the janissaries (elite military class of forced Christians) to bolster military strength

Devshirme

A system utilized by the OTTOMAN empire in which conquered Christians (mostly balkans) were required to give up 20% of their children to the gov, who would then be CONVERTED to Islam and either served as slaves or trained for government and military service (janissaries)

Gunpowder empire

A term used to describe the Mughal empire, Safavid empire, Ottoman Empire due to their monopolization of the manufacture of guns and artillery in their areas

Protestant reformation

A theological movement based on critiques to church practices and CHALLENGES to the pope’s authority; facilitated the translation of bibles from Latin to local lang and REDUCED the INFLUENCE of the Catholic Church over many Christian’s religious lives

Martin Luther

A GERMAN CHRISTIAN MONK who publicly outlined his frustrations with current church practice, one oof which was the sale of indulgences, through his 95 Theses; LED the Protestant reformation

Counter-reformation

Reformations made by the CATHOLIC church that included setting strict standards for piety among priests, educating church officials more, and restricting heretics.

King Henry VIII

King of England who RENOUNCED the Catholic Church because the pope did not annul his marriage, thereby declaring himself head of religious affairs in England and creating the ANGELICAN church

Ignatius Loyola

FOUNDER of the society of JESUITS (catholic group aimed to restore faith by education, missionary); the Jesuits helped set a higher moral standard for clergy in church—> appointed to high palace positions

Akbar the Great

MUGHAL EMPEROR who was considered the GREATEST in Mughal history; reformed the Mughal empire’s tax system, expanded the empire, and used religious tolerance to support and gain favor from the Hindu population

Suleiman the Great

OTTOMAN EMPEROR who was in the GREATEST in Ottoman history; helped usher in a Golden Age, expanded the empire, and conquered the powerful Christian Byzantine empire

Peter the Great

A late 17th century RUSSIAN TSAR who helped replace the traditional, medieval social and political systems with one’s that were modern, scientific, based in the enlightenment, and westernized; helped lay the foundation for a powerful Russian navy by gaining control of the Black Sea and starting to build a large navy