PLANNING PRELIMS

Planning

Deliberate activity of developing an optimal strategy of future action to achieve goals.

Definitional Planning

Focuses on what planning is and what planners do.

Substantive Planning

Existing conditions, what is being planned, and for whom.

Normative Planning

Focuses on how decisions are made, values, standards, and evaluation.

Mohenjo-Daro

Ancient planned city known for its organized streets and drainage system.

Babylon

Ancient city associated with early organized urban planning.

Hippodamus of Miletus

Known as the Father of Urban Planning; developed the grid plan.

Hippodamian Plan

Grid plan using straight streets and right angles.

Roman City Planning

Focused on transport, commerce, communication, and military planning.

Medieval Towns

Characterized by irregular streets, defensive walls, and religious, governmental, and commercial centers.

Renaissance Planning

Emphasized order, symmetry, axes, formal plazas, and monuments.

Industrial Revolution

Caused rapid urbanization, overcrowding, poor sanitation, pollution, and congestion.

Ebenezer Howard

Proposed the Garden City concept.

Garden City

Combines the advantages of town and country, with green areas and controlled growth.

Green Belt

Green area used to limit urban expansion.

Letchworth

First Garden City, based on Ebenezer Howard's ideas.

Robert Owen

Associated with New Lanark and worker-oriented community planning.

New Lanark

Community providing worker housing, schools, and services.

Titus Salt

Developed Saltaire, a planned industrial community.

Saltaire

Planned community with employee housing and community facilities.

George Cadbury

Associated with Bournville, a model village.

Bournville

Model village with worker housing, open spaces, and community facilities.

Radburn

Planned community known for separating pedestrian and vehicular circulation.

Radburn Principle

Separation of pedestrian and vehicular circulation, using superblocks and cul-de-sacs.

Clarence Perry

Developed the Neighborhood Unit concept.

Neighborhood Unit

Residential community organized around schools, parks, and community facilities.

Patrick Geddes

Emphasized People + Place + Work.

People + Place + Work

Geddes' approach connecting people, environment, and economic activities.

Daniel Burnham

Associated with the City Beautiful Movement and Plan of Chicago.

City Beautiful Movement

Emphasized monumental buildings, grand boulevards, open spaces, and civic pride.

Plan of Chicago

Major plan associated with Daniel Burnham.

Christopher Alexander

Associated with “A City is Not a Tree.”

A City is Not a Tree

Cities have complex and overlapping relationships, not a simple hierarchy.

Le Corbusier

Associated with the Radiant City / Ville Radieuse.

Radiant City / Ville Radieuse

High-density high-rise buildings, open space, and separation of functions.

Urban and Regional Planning

Planning concerned with the spatial and physical organization of urban and regional areas.

Planning as Management

Planning as a type of management for complex systems.

Location Theory

Explains where and why economic activities locate.

Factors of Production

Land, labor, capital, and enterprise.

Primary Sector

Extracts natural resources and raw materials.

Secondary Sector

Processes raw materials and manufactures finished goods.

Connectivity

Degree to which places are linked through transportation and communication.

Proximity

The closeness or distance between places or activities.

Least Cost Theory

Industries locate where overall costs are minimized, especially transportation and labor costs.

Agglomerative Factors

Factors that encourage industries to cluster together.

Deglomerative Factors

Factors that encourage industries to move away from concentrated areas.

Profit Maximization Theory

Firms choose locations where they can achieve the greatest profit.

Bid Rent Theory

Land values and rents vary according to distance from the CBD.

William Alonso

Associated with Bid Rent Theory.

Bid Rent

Amount a user is willing to pay for land based on accessibility and distance from the CBD.

CBD

Central Business District, the main commercial and business center.

Central Place Theory

Explains the distribution and spacing of settlements based on goods and services.

Lower-Order Place

Provides frequently purchased goods and services with shorter travel distances.

Higher-Order Place

Provides less frequently purchased goods and services with larger service areas.

Growth Pole Theory

Development is concentrated around growth poles, which stimulate surrounding areas.

Growth Pole

Center where economic activity becomes concentrated and stimulates development.

Concentric Zone Theory

Ernest W. Burgess' model of urban growth in concentric zones around the CBD.

Ernest W. Burgess

Associated with the Concentric Zone Theory.

Zone of Transition

Area around the CBD characterized by changing land uses and redevelopment.

Zone of Workingmen's Homes

Residential zone mainly occupied by the working class.

Sector Theory

Homer Hoyt's model where urban growth develops in sectors or wedges from the CBD.

Homer Hoyt

Associated with the Sector Theory.

Multiple Nuclei Theory

Cities develop around several separate centers or nuclei.

Urban Realms Theory

Metropolitan areas are composed of distinct urban realms influenced by accessibility, economic activity, and travel patterns.