cell and microscope week 2 lab

What is a compound microscope?

A microscope that uses more than one lens: the ocular lens and objective lenses.

What is the ocular lens?

The lens you look through.

What is the magnification of the ocular lens?

10x.

What are the four objective lenses listed in the lab?

4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x.

What is the 4x objective called?

Scanning power.

What is the 10x objective called?

Low power.

What is the 40x objective called?

High power.

What is the 100x objective called?

Oil immersion.

Which objective lens will not be used in this class?

100x oil immersion.

How do you calculate total magnification?

Ocular magnification × objective magnification = total magnification.

What is the total magnification using the 4x objective?

10x × 4x = 40x.

What is the total magnification using the 10x objective?

10x × 10x = 100x.

What is the total magnification using the 40x objective?

10x × 40x = 400x.

What does the rotating nosepiece do?

Holds all of the objective lenses.

What do the slide clamps do?

Hold the slide in place.

What is the stage?

The part of the microscope where the slide goes.

In what directions can the stage be moved?

Up, down, left, and right.

What is the coarse adjustment knob used for?

Initial focusing; it is the larger knob and should be used first.

What is the fine adjustment knob used for?

Fine focusing; it is the smaller knob and should be used last.

Which focusing knob should be used first?

The coarse adjustment knob.

Which focusing knob should be used last?

The fine adjustment knob.

What does the iris diaphragm control?

The aperture size, which controls the amount of light passing through the sample.

What is substage lighting?

The microscope's light source.

What controls the intensity of the light source?

The knob on the side of the microscope.

What is working distance?

The distance from the top surface of the slide to the tip of the objective lens.

What unit is working distance measured in?

Millimeters (mm).

How is working distance measured?

With a ruler held vertically.

How should a microscope be carried?

With two hands, using the arm and the base.

Why should you carry a microscope with two hands?

For safety and to prevent dropping or damaging the microscope.

What objective should be in place before putting a slide on the microscope?

The scanning 4x objective.

What position should the stage be in before putting a slide on the microscope?

All the way down.

How should the slide label be positioned?

Facing up and readable.

How should the slide fit in the stage clip?

Snugly inside the stage clip, not underneath it.

What should you use to first locate an object on the slide?

Scanning power and the stage adjustment knobs.

What is the correct order for focusing an image?

Coarse adjustment first, then fine adjustment.

What should you do when finished using the microscope?

Remove the slide, lower the stage, place the objective on scanning power, wrap the cord, and return the microscope using the arm and base.

What is field of view?

The area of the slide visible when looking through the eyepiece.

What happens to field of view as magnification increases?

Field of view decreases.

Which has a larger field of view: low magnification or high magnification?

Low magnification.

Which has a smaller field of view: low magnification or high magnification?

High magnification.

What equation is used to calculate field of view?

Diameter of Field A × Total Magnification of Field A = Diameter of Field B × Total Magnification of Field B.

If Field A has a diameter of 3500 and magnification of 40x, what is the diameter at 100x?

1400.

What is a cell?

The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism.

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Controls what goes into and out of the cell.

What is the function of the nucleus?

Control center of the cell and houses the genetic material.

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

Controls what goes into and out of the nucleus.

What is chromatin?

Uncoiled DNA; the genetic material of the cell.

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Involved in ribosome synthesis.

What is the function of a centriole?

Attachment site for mitotic spindle fibers.

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Site of lipid synthesis.

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Site of protein synthesis and modification.

What is the function of ribosomes?

The actual site of protein synthesis.

What is the function of a peroxisome?

Contains detoxifying enzymes.

What is the function of a lysosome?

Contains digestive enzymes.

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Packaging and shipping for products of the endoplasmic reticulum.

What is the function of cytoskeletal elements?

Provide support for cell structure and aid movement of substances within the cell.

What three cytoskeletal elements are listed in the lab?

Microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments.

What is the function of mitochondria?

Produce energy in the form of ATP for the cell.

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine triphosphate.

What is the cell cycle?

The ordered series of growth and division events a cell goes through from its formation to its division into two identical daughter cells.

What is mitosis?

Division of the cell's nucleus and genetic material.

What is cytokinesis?

Division of the cell's cytoplasm.

What are the four phases of mitosis in order?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

What happens to DNA during prophase?

DNA condenses or coils and becomes visible.

What happens to the nuclear envelope during prophase?

It disappears.

What happens to the nucleolus during prophase?

It disappears.

What happens to the centrioles during prophase?

They move toward opposite poles.

What happens to the mitotic spindles during prophase?

They appear.

What are the four major events of prophase?

DNA condenses and becomes visible; the nuclear envelope disappears; the nucleolus disappears; centrioles move toward opposite poles and mitotic spindles appear.

What happens during metaphase?

Chromosomes align at the equator, or metaphasic plate.

What happens to chromosomes during anaphase?

They separate at the centromeres.

What happens to chromatids during anaphase?

They move toward opposite poles.

What are the two major events of anaphase?

Chromosomes separate at the centromeres and chromatids move toward opposite poles.

What happens to DNA during telophase?

DNA uncoils and disappears from visible view.

What happens to the nuclear envelope during telophase?

It reappears.

What happens to the nucleolus during telophase?

It reappears.

What happens to the mitotic spindles during telophase?

They break down.

What are the four major events of telophase?

DNA uncoils; the nuclear envelope reappears; the nucleolus reappears; spindles break down.

What happens during cytokinesis?

The furrow is replaced by plasma membrane on both cells, the cytoplasm fully separates, and two complete daughter cells form.

What should you look for on the whitefish mitosis slides?

DNA appearing as black specks to help identify the phases of mitosis.