CSES 1020 exam 2 Auburn

bast fiber

those from the skin or inner part of a stem

ex: jute, flax, hemp, kenaf, ramie, papyrus

seed/fruit fiber

seeds/fruit often attached to hairs or encased in husk

ex: cotton, coir, luffa

Is jute typically used for apparel?

No, it is too rough

Where is 95% of jute grown?

South Asia: India & Bangladesh

retting

soaking in water to soften & separate fibers

In the US, kenaf was first explored as a fiber crop for what (1940's)?

rope

Is ramie fiber widely produced? Why or why not?

It's not popular because it is expensive and difficult to process

Is cotton an annual or perennial plant? But - how do we manage it?

perennial, but we manage it as an annual plant

Which invention made growing cotton profitable in the antebellum South?

cotton gin

What crop was always co-produced with cotton in the old South, to feed the people and the livestock?

corn

The Old Rotation was established to show the benefits of what practices?

that crop rotation was the best way to keep the soil good year round

The invasion of what pest of cotton caused crop diversification in the South?

boll weevil

Who was Dr. George Washington Carver?

American agricultural scientist and inventor who promoted alternative crops to cotton and methods to prevent soil depletion

Ninety percent of cotton grown is what type?

gossypium hirsutum (upland cotton)

Extra long staple cotton, used for fine fabrics, is what type? In the US, where is this type of cotton grown?

include pima cotton (grown is southwest US) and Egyptian cotton (grown in Nile River Valley).

Why do we defoliate cotton?

to improve the harvest efficiency, yield, and fiber quality of cotton.

In what country was papyrus first used for fiber?

Egypt

What is the major use for papyrus?

writing material

The luffa is a member of what plant family?

gourd

From what plant and plant part do we get coir?

fibrous material found between the hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a coconut

Coir is used a lot for what purpose?

erosion control

For flax, what is rippling, retting, scutching and hackling?

Rippling - combing through coarse teeth to remove seed and start to separate fibers

Retting - to loosen fibers and separate - place in running water (we've seen this before with Jute (also a bast fiber)

Scutching - beaten against a board with a blunt wooden knife - to loosen material

Hackling - the fiber is drawn through a series of metal combs to remove the last of the shorter fibers. The end result is a strick, a half-pound bundle of long, light grey fibers which resemble human hair.

Why did the US government promote domestic hemp growing during World War 2?

Japan's conquest of the Philippines cut the U.S. off from their major sources of imported hemp

Hemp grown for fiber must test low in what?

THC

Hemp is actually processed for two types of fibers - outer is called what? And the inner?

outer: bast

inner: hurd

What plant was originally used to make canvas?

hemp

Botanically, what is a fruit?

seed-bearing structure that develops from the ovary of a flowering plant

Botanically, what is a vegetable?

Vegetables are all other plant parts, such as roots, leaves, bulbs, and stems

From a culinary view, how do we often separate fruits and vegetables?

A lot of foods that are (botanically speaking) fruits, but which are savory rather than sweet, are typically considered vegetables by chefs. This includes such botanical fruits as eggplants, bell peppers and tomatoes.

How is head lettuce harvested and packaged?

almost all head lettuce is field-packed for bulk sale or for transport to a salad processing plant

What are the two major types of lettuces?

head (iceberg) and leaf, which includes romaine, butterhead, and leaf types

What's the number one state for lettuce production?

California

Why is spinach such a popular/useful food?

one of the most nutrient-dense of all foods

Why is endive blanched?

to reduce bitterness

In general, crucifers grow in what season?

late fall & winter months

The wasabi you get in stores and restaurants - is it real wasabi? What is it, if it's not?

The wasabi in most restaurants and grocery stores (even in Japan!) is a mixture of horseradish, mustard powder, and food coloring.

What is bolting? Why does it occur?

Bolting occurs when a crop prematurely grows flower stalks and produces seeds, preventing the plant from bearing a vigorous harvest. Bolting redistributes a plant's energy away from the leaves and roots to instead produce seeds and a flowering stem.

What part of crucifers is commonly eaten?

We eat the leaves and flowers most commonly, and sometimes the stems too

Where was watercress widely grown in Alabama?

Hunstville

Are pumpkins and squash in the same family?

both are cucurbits

How do winter and summer squash differ?

Summer squash: are picked while immature and include zucchini, yellow crookneck, etc.

Winter squash: are the ones we allow to ripen and harden off, and which are more or less storable.

What are the "Three Sisters?" Why are they grown together?

Corn, Beans, and Squash compliment each other nutritionally in a garden

Know that tubers, rhizomes, corms and bulbs are really STEMS, and thus have nodes and can grow

...

A potato is what type of growth structure?

tubers

Major type of potato grown in the US?

Russet Burbank

Which country's population still hasn't recovered from repeated potato crop failures in the 1840s?

Ireland

What caused those crop failures (the Potato Famine)?

Are sweet potatoes potatoes?

No, they are a root

Know that we eat the bulb of onions and garlic

...

know that we eat the stem of celery, asparagus and sugar cane

...

We put fresh beans into two categories - they are?

edible pod beans & shell beans

What is determinant growth versus indeterminant? Which type to pole beans have? Bush beans?

Bush beans (Determinant) : each growth stage is separate and occurs independently

Pole beans (Indeterminant) : - all stages of growth occur simultaneously

What is the number one vegetable grown in home gardens?

tomato

The classic tomato for slicing is called the?

Beefsteak

From where does the USA import most of its foreign-grown fresh tomatoes?

Mexico

Are more tomatoes grown in the USA used for processing or fresh market?

processing

Are sweet and hot peppers in the same family of plants?

Yes, the Capiscum family

How do we measure the relative hotness of peppers? What is the chemical we are measuring, and what are the units of measurement?

The number of Scoville Heat Units (SHU) in a pepper or even hot sauce indicates the amount of capsaicin present. The higher the Scoville rating, the hotter the pepper.

How do colored bell peppers differ? Are they 'degrees of ripening'?

Red: more ripened

Green: can stay green.

Yellow and orange: different varieties - may start green

Can you tell the gender of a bell pepper by the lobes? Why or why not?

No, there is no gender in fruit

When crucifers are used for cover crops, which element are they particularly good at adding to the soil? 

nitrogen

what is a major use of jute

textiles and rope

what is scutching

The process of separating the fibers from the stalks of plants like jute, removing the outer stem and leaves.

besides fibers what is the flax plant grown for

its seeds and oil

Is coir a bast fiber or a seed/fruit fiber? 

seed/fruit fiber obtained from the outer husk

common uses for coir

include making ropes, mats, brushes, and erosion control products.

What can legumes do with nitrogen in the air that other families of crops can’t?  

Legumes can fix atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants through symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules.

Legumes fix nitrogen in partnership with what? 

nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules.

Can we inoculate legumes with the correct Rhizobia? 

Yes

What’s the #1 use of soybeans grown in the US? 

animal feed

What’s the #1 human food use of soybeans grown in the US? 

soybean oil

When green soybeans are picked to be cooked and eaten directly as a snack by humans, that is called

edmame

Where does the peanut pod develop, compared to other legume crops? 

entirely underground

Where in the USA are peanuts grown

Southeastern/Southwestern region

What happens to most of the peanuts grown in the USA (80-90%) – where are they sent for processing? 

local buying stations and commercial shelling facilities

What are aflatoxins?  Why do we care about high levels of them? 

carcogenic poison

four types of peanuts

Runner, Virginia, Spanish, and Valencia

Dominate peanut grown in alabama

runner peanut

Why have forage legumes – benefits for animals? 

They provide a highly nutritious, high-protein, and mineral-rich feed source

One very small use of forage legumes, for direct human consumption, is? 

sprouts/alfalfa

What is the difference between a cover crop and a green manure? 

protect and manage the soil vs A crop specifically grown to be plowed under and incorporated directly back into the soil while still green to decompose and act as a natural fertilizer