zoology test 3

What type of digestive system of anthropods?

Complete (mouth → anus)

why have anthropods achieved such great diversity and abundance?

Joint appendages, efficient respiration, staged metamorphosis, and complex behavior

What type of circulatory system of anthropods?

open

Describe the anthropods exoskeleton - epicuticle

)made of waxes, lipoproteins) = barrier to water movement, microorganisms

Describe the anthropods exoskeleton - procuticle

made of chitin, proteins) = protection ; Weak areas at the joints

What is ecdysis?

molting of exoskeleton

What are the stages of ecdysis?

Enzymes digest old cuticle; hypodermis forms new cuticle; old cuticle splits; sclerotization (hardening) of new cuticle

List characteristics of chelicerates.

Two body parts: Prosoma (appendages, mouth parts, eyes, sensory organs) and opisthosoma (organ systems).

What is class Merostomata feeding method?

nocturnal bottom feeders

What is the function of the telson in class Merostomata?

If they get flipped over, they can fix themselves back up right

What is the reproductive strategy for class Merostomata

Females digs holes and lay eggs and males add sperm to egg mass

How are these animals of class Merostomata important in human medicine?

Cells in their blood called amebocytes which produces chemical that detects impurities in medical products

Describe the feeding method of class Arachnida

Use mouth parts to process food, inject enzymes -> suck out predigested fluid

describe reproduction of class arachnida

dioecious

What are the two distinguishing characteristics of scorpions?

Pair of enlarged chelate pedipalps and segmented tail that has a stinger (venom)

What is the largest group of arachnids, with about 34,000 species described?

spiders

What are spinnerets?

Abdominal structures associated with silk glands

What are the functions of spider silk?

Capture prey, wrap prey/eggs, safety line, and ballooning

How do most spiders feed once they capture their prey?

Inject enzymes into their victims and suck out predigested contents

What two spider genera in the United States can give severe or even fatal bites?

Black Widow and Brown Recluse

What arachnids are in Order Opiliones?

Harvestmen (Daddy Long Legs)

How does Order Acarina (ticks and mites) external anatomy differ from all other arachnids?

Prosoma and opisthosoma are fused and covered by carapace

What behavior allows many ticks to locate their host?

questing

What general health problems are associated with ticks in animals and humans?

Anemia, dermatitis, paralysis, otoacariasis, infection

What are the stages in a tick life cycle?

Egg -> 6-legged larvae -> 8-legged nymph -> adult

Which ticks carry Lyme disease? What are the common wild animal hosts?

Blacklegged tick (Ixodes) Deer and white footed mice

Which wild animals are susceptible to tularemia? How are humans infected?

Rabbits and rodents. Tick bite, aerosol, contaminated water, food.

What are some common examples of free-living mites that can cause health or economic problems?

Dust mites, spider mite, velvet mite

Where do human Demodex mites live?

hair follicles

How can these mites become a health problem?

Can exacerbate preexisting skin disease

What canine disease is caused by Demodex mites?

Demodectic mange

Which dogs are susceptible to Demodex mites?

Pure bred dogs with poor immune systems

What are medical aspects of chigger mites (Family Trombiculidae)?

Inflammation, scrub typhus

How do dogs and cats get infected with ear mites (Otodectes)? What are the clinical signs?

From other dogs and cats. Scratching ears, head shaking, black (wax) discharge, bleeding

How do scabies mites (Sarcoptes) affect humans and dogs?

Pruritis (itching), erythema (red skin), secondary infection

What are ovigers?

Paired male appendages on which female attaches egg mass

What is polar gigantism?

In colder water, animals are larger due to increased oxygen and decreased metabolic rate

How do crustaceans differ from other extant arthropods?

Two pairs of antennae and ancestral biramous (y-shaped appendages)

What is the cuticle composed of in Crustecea?

Chitin, protein, and calcium

What is a carapace?

Dorsal cuticle of head that extends posteriorly and around the sides

whhat are two body regions of crayfish (malacostraca/decapoda)

cephalothorax and abdomen

What is the functions of the crayfish antenna/antennules?

touch, taste, equilibrium

What is the functions of the crayfish mandibles?

crushing food

What is the functions of the crayfish 1st maxillae?

food handling

What is the functions of the crayfish 2nd maxillae?

draw water through to the gills

What is the functions of the crayfish maxillipeds?

touch, taste, food handling

What is the functions of the crayfish chelipeds?

defense, feeding, communication

What is the functions of the crayfish pereopods?

walking

What is the functions of the crayfish pleopods?

swimming

• male: sperm transfer

• female: egg brooding

What is the functions of the crayfish telson/uropod?

locomotion

Describe the circulatory system of Class Malacostraca: Order Decapoda

open (no capillaries)

Which muscles are used in swimming of Class Malacostraca: Order Decapoda

flexors/extensors

how does gas exchange occur in Class Malacostraca: Order Decapoda?

gills, difussion across cuticle

describe osmoregulation and excretion in Class Malacostraca: Order Decapoda

Osmoregulation: green glands- water. Excretion: green glands – nitrogenous waste mostly takes place across cuticle or gills.

describe reproduction in Class Malacostraca: Order Decapoda

dioecuous (seperate sexes)

What are the two types of development in crustaceans?

direct and indirect

explain direct development in crustaceans

juveniles have similar appearance to adults

explain indirect development in crustaceans

larval form undergoes extensive metamorphosis

Describe the two-part crayfish stomach.

• Cardiac: food grinding.

• Pyloric: chemical digestion

Which crustaceans are suspension feeders?

Barnacles, water fleas, fairy shrimp

What effect does Pinnotheres ostreum have on oysters?

parasites

Where is Lironeca ovalis usually found on fish?

Inside the gill chambers or buccal cavity

What is unusual about the life cycle of Cymothoa exigua?

Louse causes tongue to atrophy, then fishes use louse as tongue

What are “whale lice”?

commensals (don’t help but don’t harm) on whales, dolphins – eat dead skin, algae

What are three functions of the legs (phyllopodia) of branchiopods?

Respiration, locomotion, and feeding

What is unique about the habitat and life cycle of fairy shrimp?

Live in ephemeral (temporary) ponds. Females lay dormant eggs before the pond dries up.

What is the unusual habitat of brine shrimp?

Can live in salt waters (lake, oceans)

What is unique about the barnacle life cycle?

Larval stages is a bivalve → after attachment, it’s covered by carapace

What is “parasitic castration” in Order Kentrogonida?

Parasite inactivates the crab’s gonads then grows in the crab, then migrates to exterior

List the shared traits of subphylum Myriapoda

All terrestrial, head, trunk, paired appendages per segments

How does the larval form differ from the adult form (class diplopoda)?

Fusion -> adults have 2 per segment

How is fusion relfected internally?

Reflected by 2 ganglia and 2 pairs of tracheal trunks per segment

What are three defense mechanisms of class diplopoda

Coiling, aposematic coloration (warning of toxicity), repugnatorial glands

what do millipedes eat?

decaying plants

What are the functions of the segments that do not bear appendages in class Chilopoda?

-       Head: venomous claws

-       Tail: elongated appendages (some sensory, some defense)

what do centipedes eat

Carnivores – invertebrates (snails, worms)

list parts of head division of the insect body

• mouth parts

• antennae

• eyes

list parts of thorax division of the insect body

• legs

• wings

list parts of abdomen division of the insect body

• reproductive organs

• spiracles

list parts of the foregut (digestive system) of insects

• salivary glands

• esophagus

• crop

• proventriculus

list parts of the midgut (digestive system) of insects

stomach/gastric ceca

where does absorption of nutrients take place in an insect

midgut (stomach/gastric ceca)

list functions of the hindgut (digestive system) of insects

osmoregulation/excretion

what are the components of the tracheal system of insects?

Spiracles → trachea → tracheoles

how is water loss restricted in insects?

valve mechanism

how are dust particles and parasites prevented from entering insects?

clean air with filter made of bristles

what organ is used for excretion and water balance in insects

malpighian tubules

what are tympanal organs in insects?

Detect vibrations from ground or air

how do moths use tympanal organs to avoid bats?

ultrasound avoidance

what are the two types of insect eyes?

Compounds and Ocelli – light intensity

what are pheromones?

Chemicals that cause physiological or behavioral change in a member of species

what are functions of insect pheromones?

Sex, caste regulation, aggregation, alarm, trailing

What are three types of metamorphosis in insects?

Direct development, incomplete development, complete development.

How are color patterns involved in evasion of predation?

Mimicry, aposematic, crypsis

what is mimicry?

palatable species resembles noxious species

what is aposematic?

warning coloration to advertise toxicity

what is crypsis?

camouflage in shape or coloration to avoid detection

what insects are found in the order Hymenoptera

bees, wasps, ants

What is caste differentiation?

Polymorphism to create a complex social system

what insects are found in order Isoptera

termites