Pelvis-Hip-Back

Ilium

The uppermost and largest bone of the pelvis, forming the sides of the pelvic cavity and contributing to the hip joint. It plays a key role in supporting the spine and bearing weight.

Ischium

The curved bone forming the base of the pelvis, providing support when sitting and contributing to the structure of the hip joint.

Pubis

The pubis is one of the three major bones that make up the pelvis, located at the front and forming the lower part of the pelvic girdle. It connects with the ilium and ischium and plays a significant role in supporting the pelvic organs.

Greater Sciatic Foramen

A large opening in the pelvis formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis, allowing for the passage of nerves and blood vessels from the pelvis to the lower limb.

Lesser Sciatic Notch

A small indentation on the ischium, located below the greater sciatic notch, that serves as a passageway for blood vessels and nerves.

Obturator Foramen

The obturator foramen is a large opening in the pelvis formed by the pubis and ischium, providing passage for the obturator nerve, artery, and vein, and serving as a site for muscle attachment.

Inguinal Ligament

A fibrous band extending from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle, acting as a boundary between the abdomen and thigh, and serving as an attachment point for muscles.

Pelvic Floor

A group of muscles and connective tissues that support the pelvic organs, including the bladder, intestines, and uterus, playing a crucial role in urinary and reproductive functions.

Sacrum

A triangular bone at the base of the spine, formed by the fusion of five vertebrae, that connects the pelvis to the vertebral column and supports weight during standing and walking.

Lumbar Vertebrae

The five vertebrae in the lower back, characterized by their large size and strong structure, providing support and flexibility to the spine while allowing for a range of movements.

Thoracic Vertebrae

The twelve vertebrae in the middle segment of the spine, located between the cervical and lumbar regions, that support the rib cage and protect the heart and lungs.

Cervical Vertebrae

The seven vertebrae in the neck region, which support the head and allow for a wide range of motion, including nodding and rotation.

Body of Vertebrae

The rounded central part of a vertebra, providing structural support and bearing weight within the spinal column.

Spinous Process

The bony projection off the posterior of each vertebra, which serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments.

Transverse Process

The lateral bony projections on each side of a vertebra, which provide attachment points for muscles and ligaments and help in the articulation of the vertebrae.

Discs of Vertebrae

The fibrocartilaginous cushions located between the vertebrae that absorb shock, allow movement, and maintain spinal stability.

Pedicle of Vertebrae

The bony structures that connect the vertebral body to the transverse process, providing support and protection to the spinal cord.

Central Canal / Foramen

The space within the vertebrae that contains cerebrospinal fluid and houses the spinal cord, facilitating communication between the brain and the rest of the body.

Stenosis

A narrowing of the spinal canal or neural foramina, often causing pressure on spinal nerves and leading to pain or discomfort.

Pars

Interarticularis is a bony region of the vertebra located between the superior and inferior articular processes, providing structural support and stability to the vertebral column.

Superior and Inferior Facets

The superior and inferior facets are the joint surfaces on the vertebrae that articulate with adjacent vertebrae. They allow for movement and stabilization of the spinal column.

Cartilage on Facets

is a smooth, flexible tissue that covers the joint surfaces of the superior and inferior facets, reducing friction and absorbing shock during movement.

Intervertebral Space

The intervertebral space refers to the gap between adjacent vertebrae in the spinal column, containing intervertebral discs that act as shock absorbers and provide flexibility.

nerve root foramen

is a small opening through which nerve roots exit the spinal column, allowing communication between the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system.

Disk pulpis center

is the inner gel-like central part of an intervertebral disc, providing cushioning and support to the spinal column.

Joint actions of vertebrae

include flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral bending that allow for movement and flexibility of the spine.

but it is nonaxial movement, characterized by the absence of a central axis around which the movement occurs.

Sliding

Motion of the spine

Occurs mainly at the facets

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

is a fibrous band that runs along the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies, providing stability and limiting extension of the spine.

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

is a fibrous band located along the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies, serving to stabilize the spine and limit flexion.

Flexion of the spine

is the bending of the spine forward, decreasing the angle between the vertebrae and primarily occurring in the lumbar and cervical regions.

Extension of the Spine

is the movement that increases the angle between the vertebrae, typically occurring when the torso moves backward or when standing upright.

Sidebending of the Spine

is the lateral movement of the spine, allowing the torso to bend to the right or left, primarily involving the thoracic and lumbar regions.

Anterior and posterior rotation of pelvis

involves the movement of the pelvis around an axis, where anterior rotation brings the hip bones forward and posterior rotation moves them backward. This motion is key in activities like walking and running.

Hip Flexion and Extension

Hip flexion is the movement that brings the thigh closer to the torso, while hip extension moves the thigh away from the torso, usually involving the gluteal muscles and hip flexors.

Hip Abduction and Adduction

Hip abduction is the movement of the thigh away from the midline of the body, while hip adduction is the movement of the thigh towards the midline. These motions are essential for maintaining balance and stability during various activities.

Abdominal Muscles and Spine

The abdominal muscles are a group of muscles located in the front of the body that support trunk movement and posture, while the spine provides structural support and flexibility. Together, they play a crucial role in core stability and overall body movement.

Inguinal Ligament

A band of fibrous tissue that extends from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle, supporting structures that pass between the abdomen and lower limb.

Antroversion

A positional variation of the hip joint where the femoral head is angled more forward in the acetabulum than normal. This condition can impact hip stability and motion.

Retroversion

A condition of the hip joint where the femoral head is angled more backward in the acetabulum than normal, potentially affecting mobility and stability.

Linea Alba

A fibrous structure that runs vertically along the midline of the abdomen, serving as an attachment for abdominal muscles and providing tensile strength.

Runs from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis.

Abdominal Aorta

The largest artery in the abdomen that supplies blood to the abdominal organs, including the stomach, liver, and kidneys. It runs from the diaphragm to the pelvic region, where it bifurcates into the common iliac arteries.

Femoral Artery

The main blood vessel supplying oxygenated blood to the thigh and lower leg, it branches from the external iliac artery and runs down the anterior thigh.

Lumbosacral plexus

A network of nerves formed by the lumbar and sacral nerves that innervate the pelvic and lower limb muscles, providing sensation and motor function.

Common peroneal nerve

A branch of the sciatic nerve that innervates the muscles of the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg, responsible for foot and toe movement.

Obturator foramen

The large opening in the pelvis formed by the ischium and pubis bones, which allows for the passage of nerves and blood vessels to the lower limb.

Plexus

A network of interconnected nerves or vessels in the body, typically associated with specific regions and functions.

Form trunks and divisions

Psoas Major

A significant muscle located in the lower back that is part of the iliopsoas group, crucial for hip flexion and trunk stability.

origin from the lateral surfaces of the lumbar vertebrae.

insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur.

innervation by the lumbar plexus.

Iliacus

A muscle located in the pelvis that works with the psoas major to flex the hip joint and stabilize the pelvis during movement.

origin from the iliac fossa of the pelvis, and insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur.

innervated by the femoral nerve.

Sartorius

A long, thin muscle that runs down the front of the thigh, it assists in hip flexion, abduction, and external rotation.

origin from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and inserts on the medial side of the tibia.

innervated by the femoral nerve.

Rectus Femoris

A muscle in the thigh that is part of the quadriceps group, responsible for extending the knee and flexing the hip.

origin from the anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) and the superior margin of the acetabulum, and insertion on the tibial tuberosity via the patellar tendon. It is innervated by the femoral nerve.

Adductor Longus

A muscle of the inner thigh that primarily functions to adduct the thigh and assist in hip flexion.

origin from the body of the pubis and inserts on the middle third of the linea aspera of the femur. It is innervated by the obturator nerve.

Adductor Brevis

A short muscle located in the inner thigh, it primarily acts to adduct the thigh and assists with hip flexion.

origin from the inferior pubic ramus and inserts on the proximal part of the linea aspera of the femur. It is innervated by the obturator nerve.

Adductor Magnus

A large muscle located in the inner thigh, it plays a key role in adducting the thigh and stabilizing the pelvis during movement.

origin from the inferior pubic ramus, ischial ramus, and ischial tuberosity, and inserts along the linea aspera and adductor tubercle of the femur. It is innervated by both the obturator and sciatic nerves.

Gracilis

A long, thin muscle in the inner thigh, the gracilis primarily functions to adduct the thigh, assist in hip flexion, and help with knee flexion.

origin from the inferior pubic ramus and

inserts on the medial surface of the tibia. pes anserine

It is innervated by the obturator nerve.

Glutius Medius

A key muscle located on the outer surface of the pelvis, the gluteus medius primarily functions to abduct the thigh and stabilize the pelvis while walking or running.

origin from the ilium of the pelvis and inserts on the greater trochanter of the femur. It is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve.

Glutius Minimus

A small muscle located beneath the gluteus medius, the gluteus minimus aids in thigh abduction and lateral rotation while contributing to pelvic stability.

origin from the ilium and inserts on the greater trochanter of the femur. It is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve.

Gluteus Maximus

The largest muscle in the buttock, the gluteus maximus is primarily responsible for thigh extension, lateral rotation, and assisting with the stabilization of the pelvis during movement.

origin from the ilium, sacrum, and coccyx, and inserts on the femur and iliotibial tract. It is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve.

Semitendonosus

A muscle located in the posterior compartment of the thigh, the semitendinosus flexes the knee and extends the hip while also contributing to medial rotation.

origin from the ischial tuberosity and inserts on the medial surface of the tibia. It is innervated by the tibial nerve.

Semimembranosus

A muscle in the posterior thigh that functions to flex the knee and extend the hip while also aiding in medial rotation.

origin from the ischial tuberosity and inserts on the posterior aspect of the medial condyle of the tibia. It is innervated by the tibial nerve.

Biceps Femoris

A muscle located at the back of the thigh, the biceps femoris consists of two heads and is responsible for knee flexion and hip extension, also contributing to lateral rotation.

origin from the ischial tuberosity and femur, and inserts on the head of the fibula and lateral condyle of the tibia. It is innervated by the sciatic nerve.

Gemelli Superior

A small muscle located deep in the gluteal region, the gemelli superior assists in lateral rotation of the hip and stabilization of the hip joint.

origin from the ischial spine and inserts on the greater trochanter of the femur. It is innervated by the nerve to the quadratus femoris.

Gamelli Inferior

A small muscle located deep in the gluteal region, the gemelli inferior assists in lateral rotation of the hip and stabilization of the hip joint.

origin from the ischial tuberosity and inserts on the greater trochanter of the femur. It is innervated by the nerve to the quadratus femoris.

Obturator Internus

A muscle located in the pelvic region, the obturator internus assists in lateral rotation of the hip and stabilizes the hip joint.

origin from the inner surface of the obturator membrane and surrounding bone, and inserts on the greater trochanter of the femur. It is innervated by the nerve to the obturator internus.

Obturator Externus

A muscle located in the pelvic region, the obturator externus assists in lateral rotation of the hip and plays a role in stabilizing the hip joint.

origin from the outer surface of the obturator membrane and surrounding bone, and inserts on the trochanteric fossa of the femur. It is innervated by the obturator nerve.

Quadratus Femoris

A flat, quadrilateral muscle located in the gluteal region, the quadratus femoris aids in lateral rotation of the hip and stabilizes the hip joint.

origin from the ischial tuberosity and inserts on the intertrochanteric crest of the femur. It is innervated by the nerve to the quadratus femoris.

Sacrotuberous Ligament

A strong ligament that extends from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity, the sacrotuberous ligament provides stability to the sacroiliac joint and supports the pelvis during movement.

Aponeurosis

A type of flat, fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to the parts they move. In the pelvis, it assists in stabilizing structures and transmitting forces.

Non-contractile

What innervates the Glute Max

The gluteus maximus is primarily innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve, which arises from the lumbosacral plexus (L5, S1, S2). This muscle is responsible for hip extension, external rotation, and abduction.

Piriformis

A small muscle located in the posterior pelvis, the piriformis assists with hip rotation and abducts the thigh when the hip is flexed. It also plays a role in stabilizing the sacroiliac joint.

What do all of the internal deep gluteal muscles do (6 of them)

They primarily assist in hip external rotation, stabilization of the hip joint, and abduction of the thigh.

Obturator Membrane

A fibrous membrane in the pelvic region that covers the obturator foramen, providing attachment for muscles and forming part of the boundary for the obturator canal.

Tensor Fascia Lata

A muscle located on the outside of the hip, the tensor fascia lata assists in flexing and abducting the thigh and helps stabilize the pelvis during movement.

origin ates from the anterior aspect of the iliac crest and the anterior superior iliac spine.

Adductor Canal

An anatomical passageway in the thigh that contains the femoral artery, femoral vein, and the saphenous nerve, facilitating the passage of these structures from the pelvis to the knee.

Adductor Longus

A muscle of the inner thigh that primarily functions to adduct the thigh and assist in flexion.

origin ates from the pubis and inserts into the middle third of the linea aspera of the femur.

innervated by the obturator nerve and branch from sciatic nerve

Adductor Brevis

A muscle located in the inner thigh that primarily adducts the thigh and assists in flexion.

It originates from the pubis and

inserts onto the upper third of the linea aspera of the femur,

innervated by the obturator nerve and branch of the sciatic nerve

Adductor Hiatus

The opening in the adductor magnus muscle that allows the passage of the femoral vessels from the adductor canal into the popliteal fossa.

Pectineus

A flat, quadrangular muscle situated in the upper inner thigh that primarily functions to adduct and flex the thigh.

It originates from the superior pubic ramus and

inserts onto the pectineal line of the femur,

innervated by the femoral nerve and the obturator nerve

Adductor Magnus

A large muscle located in the inner thigh that adducts the thigh, helps with extension at hip, and assists in medial rotation.

It originates from the ischial tuberosity and the inferior pubic ramus,

inserting along the linea aspera of the femur,

innervated by the obturator nerve and sciatic nerve.

External Oblique

The largest and most superficial of the three flat abdominal muscles, the external oblique aids in trunk rotation and lateral flexion.

It originates from the lower ribs, sternum, ilium

inserts onto the iliac crest and linea alba, and pubis bone

Innervated by the lower six thoracic nerves.

Rectus Abdominis

A paired muscle region that runs vertically along the front of the abdomen, responsible for flexing the vertebral column and compressing the abdominal cavity.

It originates from the pubic symphysis and pubic crest,

inserting onto the cartilage of the fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs, and is

innervated by the lower thoracic nerves.

Origin and Insertion are opposites in an erect posture because of posterior and anterior pelvic tilt

Transversus Abdominis

A deep abdominal muscle that plays a critical role in stabilizing the pelvis and lumbar spine. Also does expiratory function

It originates from the inner surfaces of the lower ribs, lumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inguinal ligament,

inserting into the linea alba and pubic crest, and is

innervated by the lower thoracic and lumbar nerves.

Internal Oblique

A flat abdominal muscle located beneath the external oblique, responsible for trunk rotation and side bending.

It originates from the iliac crest

inserts into the lower ribs and linea alba, pubis bone

innervated by the lower thoracic and lumbar nerves.

False Vs True Ribs

False ribs are the lower ribs that do not directly attach to the sternum, while true ribs are the upper ribs that connect directly to the sternum via costal cartilage.

Longissimus Thoracis

A long muscle part of the erector spinae group, it extends along the back and is involved in spinal extension and lateral flexion.

It originates from the sacrum and lumbar vertebrae,

inserting into the thoracic vertebrae and lower ribs.

Innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves.

Longissimus Cervicis

A muscle of the erector spinae group that extends the neck and assists in lateral flexion.

It originates from the upper thoracic vertebrae and

inserts into the cervical vertebrae.

innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves.

Iliocostalis Lumborum

A muscle of the erector spinae group that extends and laterally flexes the lumbar region.

It originates from the iliac crest and lower ribs,

inserting into the upper ribs and lumbar vertebrae.

Innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves.

Iliocostalis Thoracis

A muscle of the erector spinae group that aids in extension and lateral flexion of the thoracic region.

It originates from the lower ribs and

inserts into the upper ribs,

innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves.

Quadratus Lumborum

A muscle located in the lower back that stabilizes the pelvis and lumbar spine.

It originates from the iliac crest and lumbar vertebrae,

inserting into the lower ribs and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae, and is

innervated by the ventral rami of spinal nerves.

Spinalis Thoracis

A muscle of the erector spinae group that extends the vertebral column in the thoracic region. also helps with rotation

It originates from the upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae,

inserting into the spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae, and is

innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves.