How many American Indians and Alaska Natives were there in the US in 2000?

Who is Clovis?

The earliest well-documented paleolithic culture

What is Hopewell?

A group organized into farmsteads and bound together by religious/political organization. Known for their massive earthworks and agricultural prowess.

Treaties implicitly recognize…

…tribal solidarity.

What is kinship?

Social system of relation that defines social interactions.

What were the components of Knox’s “civilization” policy?

• gov’t agents and christian missionaries speed up assimilation

• social level: christian conversion, english education, commercial agri, repub gov’t, nuclear/ male-headed households

• individual level: grow wheat (not corn), dress modestly (pants for men, skirts for women), eat at regular meal times, not just when hungry, value private property

Who is Tecumseh?

• Shawnee political leader, brother of Tenskawatwa the prophet.

• united tribes in opposition to land cessation

• recruits were sometimes split into factions of nativists and accomodationists

• allied with Britain in the War of 1812

How many federally recognized tribes are there in the US?

564

What statement limited Indian solidarity?

congress acquired the power to “regulate commerce with foreign Nations, among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes”

What is Indian Removal?

The forced or coerced cessation of Indian land to the U.S. and their forced removal from these lands under the IRA (Indian Removal Act) of 1830.

What is a Matrilineal Clan?

A group who’s lineage is traced by the women in it.

How many treaties did the U.S. make with Indian Tribes?

roughly 370-374

What Supreme Court decision upheld Indian sovereignty?

Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Butterfield (1982) and California v Cabazon Band of Mission Indians (1987) - tribal sovereignty trumps state regulation.

Why did the United States begin making treaties with Indian tribes?

Treaties were a useful way of obtaining land from Indians that were reluctant to part with it.

What are the three regional Indigenous culture areas?

• Paisley Caves

• Head Smashed-in

• Clovis

What are some of the Indigenous nations that remain in the east, and how were they able to stay?

They retained so little land tat they were perceived more as a nuisance than a threat.

• Iriquois

• Chippewa

• Menominees

• Stockbridges

• Munsees

• Oneidas

• Chippewas

• Pamunkeys

• Mattaponis

• Cherokees

• Catawbas

• Seminoles

• Choctaws

Who is Powhatan?

The chief of a large group of indigenous people in modern-day Virginia. The group is called the Powhatans.

Who is Popè?

Leader of the Pueblo revolt

What is unique about the Pueblo Revolt?

extraordinarily successful indigenous revolt; spanish colonizers remained out of Pueblo lands for 12 years.

What did Champlain demand of his Indigenous trading partners?

• they had to accept Christian Missionaries

• only Christian Indians could receive guns and lead.

What is the difference between the right of discovery and right of conquest?

• right of discovery is spanish, allowed commercial exploration

• right of conquest is english and french, allowed for the exploitation of Natural resources

• minimal difference from an indigenous perspective

Why was and is the spirit world important to Indigenous people?

Life is a partnership between the people and the spirit forces that control everything”.

What were the three priorities of Native nations in the early interactions with European nations?

• the land

• its resources

• its productive potential

• territory

• autonomy

• trade

What were the differences between the French and Spanish conquests?

• Spanish attention was torn between Central and Southern America as opposed to North America

  • focused on missionary work and extractive practices

  • much more contentious

• The french built a relatively reciprocal trading network

What were the mourning wars?

• Iriquois raided and destroyed the Huron confederacy in response to smallpox epidemics

• invading with the intention of collecting people to replace their dead kin and furs

What did John Rolfe bring to Jamestown?

He introduced a strain of tobacco from the caribbean that grew well in the soil of Virginia.

How was the Pequot War genocidal?

600-700 Pequots were massacred when the English set fire to the town and shot down the people who tried to escape.

What were the effects of the Indian slave market?

• Native men were displaced and sent to the carribbean

• Tribes were lost and became absorbed into larger ones in the attempts to flee slavery

  • 50,000 Indians fell victim to the slave trade, either as slaves or as casualties

Why did colonists resent the Proclamation of 1763?

They resented royal interference in their affairs

How did disease affect Indigenous communities?

• smallpox epidemics caused native populations to plummet

• Plague in New England all but eradicated the population, killing 90% of them

• This depopulation paved the way for colonists to take over the almost vacant land

What’s wrong with saying “we done ‘em wrong” in our colonial relations with Native nations?

• dismisses Indigenous acts of resistance while emphasizing Colonists’ power

• dismisses Indigenous history prior to colonization

• dismisses the cultures of Indigenous groups

• essentially boils the entirety of Native American history as suffering as a result of colonization, which is both dehumanizing and incomplete

Who was Handsome Lake?

An iroquois prophet

• advocated for european models of home and family life (male-headed, nuclear farmsteads)

• advocated for a revival of traditional religious practices

• enabled a way for Iroquois people to accomodate without giving up all of their cultural practices

Who is Black Hawk?

A Sauk warrior who resisted removal and led 1,000 Sauks back to their homeland along with other members of misc tribes. He was killed before he could succeed.

What were the different goals for “civilizing” boys and girls at the missions?

• teaching proper gender roles was essential to the civilization process

• boys were taught outdoor skills (including agriculture)

• girls were taught domestic skills

What did the Civilization Fund establish?

• financially supported missions among Indians

• enabled residential schools

What does the US Constitution have to say about Indians?

• almost nothing

• does enable the US federal gov’t to have authority over Indian affairs

Why did the US founders insist that Indigenous people did not have agriculture?

• It suited their purposes of pushing the natives out

• They could more easily portray them as different and less civilized

• If the Indians were exclusively hunter/gatherers, it was easier for Henry Knox to make the argument that a shift to Agriculture would necessitate less land

Who is John Ross?

• Principal chief of Cherokee Nation at the time of removal

• Challenged Georgia’s political authority through the supreme court

• They wouldn’t hear Cherokee Nation v Georgia (1831)

• But they ruled in favor of Cherokee sovereignty with the following challenge, Worcester v Georgia (1832)

How did the Cherokee Nation adapt western ways to defend their homeland?

• they established a republican, constitutional gov’t

• established a bilingual newspaper

• took on traditional western farming practices

• this was all done in an attempt to appeal to colonizing forces

What is the “Indian Problem”?

The perception of Native Americans as an obstacle for colonizers; the view of them as a nuisance in the wake of a booming colonist population, a threat to attempts to unify America culturally.

How many Indigenous people were there in the Western Hemisphere in 1491?

About 50 million

How many American Indians and Alaska Natives were there in the US in 2000?

about 4 million

Who wrote “Ceremony”?

Leslie Marmon Silko

When did Ceremony come out?

1977

Who wrote Men on the Moon?

Simon J. Ortiz

When did Men on the Moon come out?

1999

Who wrote Tracks?

Louise Erdrich

When did Tracks come out?

1989