Reproductive System

Hormal contraceptives modes of action

Lower secretion of hormones FSH & LH causing no ovulation, thin uterine lining making implantation less suitable, or thicken cervical mucus to block sperm entry

Combined oral contraceptives

“Birth control pills”; contain progesterone and estrogen to mimic natural hormone fluctuations

Progesterone-only pill

“Mini-pill”; used for those with estrogen-related side effects

vaginal ring

contain progesterone & estrogen, preventing ovulation

contraceptive side effects

weight gain, mild headaches, breast tenderness, N/V, hypertension, decreased libido, and vaginitis

contraceptive toxic effects

respiratory & GI distress, visual disturbances, prolonged infertility after discontinuation, & higher risk of blood clots, liver tumors, & gallbladder disease

contraceptive contraindications

pregnancy, breastfeeding, vaginal bleeding, migraines, liver disease or tumors, & cancer, heart disease or diabetes

menopause

occurs in middle-age women, marking the end of menstruation

symptoms of menopause

bone loss, hot flashes, insomnia, & vaginal dryness

pelvic inflammatory disorder

inflammation of the uterine lining, fallopian tubes, & ovaries, due to bacterial infections

symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disorder

pelvic pain, abnormal vaginal discharge, painful urination, fever. & irregular menstruations

how can pelvic inflammatory disorder be treated

antimicrobials & IV antibiotics

female infertility

inability to conceive after 1 year of regular, unprotected sex

how is endometriosis related to infertility

scarring & blockage of reproductive tract

how is PCOS related to infertility

irregular ovulation

how is high prolactin related to infertility

inhibited release of important reproductive hormones

how are sperm antibodies related to infertility

attacks & impairs sperm

how does clomiphene treat female infertility

stimulates ovulation by boosting LH & FSH

retrograde ejaculation

semen moves into bladder instead of urethra

cryptorchidism

testes don’t descend into scrotum

erectile dysfunction

males cannot sustain erections sufficient for sex, caused by stress & poor health

what medications can treat erectile dysfunction

levitra, cialis, & viagra

how do medications to treat erectile dysfunction work

relax smooth muscle cells of reproductive organ & improve blood flow, helping to maintain erections

benign prostatic hyperplasia

commonly 40+; non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, characterized by several urinary issues

what is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia

alpha-adrergic blockers & 5-alpha reductase inhibitors

how do alpha-adrergic blockers treat benign prostatic hyperplasia

relax the muscles around the prostate & bladder neck, improving urination

how do 5-alpha reductase inhibitors treat benign prostatic hyperplasia

shrink the prostate gland over time, relieving pressure on urethra & reducing urinary issues

prostate cancer

affects the prostate gland, which produces seminal fluid, caused urinary issues, blood in urine, erectile dysfunction, and pelvic pain

how is prostate cancer treated

hormonal therapy & chemotherapy

what drug classification is Kariva (Desogestrel - Ethinyl estradiol)

oral contraceptive

Desogestrel - Ethinyl estradiol brand name

Kariva

what drug classification is TriNessa / Tri-Sprintec / Ortho Tri-Cyclen Lo (Norgestimate - Ethinyl estradiol)

oral contraceptive

Norgestimate - Ethinyl estradiol brand name(s)

TriNessa / Tri-Sprintec / Ortho Tri-Cyclen Lo

what drug classification is Loestrin Fe24 (Norethindrone - Ethinyl estradiol)

oral contraceptive

norethindrone - ethinyl estradiol brand name

Loestrin Fe 24

what drug classification is Gianvi (drospirnone - ethinyl estradiol)

oral contraceptive

drospirnone - ethinyl estradiol brand name

gianvi

what drug classification is NuvaRing (etonogestrel - ethinyl estradiol)

vaginal ring

etonogestrel - ethinyl estradiol brand name

NuvaRing

conjugated estrogens

mix of several estrogens

estradiols

most potent natural estrogen

what can conjugated estrogens & estradiols treat

menopausal symptoms

what drug classification is premarin

conjugated estrogen

what drug classification is vagifem

estradiol

what does Levitra (vardenafil) treat

erectile dysfunction

what does Cialis (Tadalafil) treat

erectile dysfunction

what does Viagra (Slidenafil) treat

erectile dysfunction

what drug classification is Flomax (Tamsulosin)

alpha-adrenergic blocker

tamsulosin brand name

flomax

what drug classification is Uroxatral (alfuzosin)

alpha-adrenergic blocker

alfuzosin brand name

uroxatral

dutasteride brand name

avodart

what drug classification is Avodart (Dutasteride)

5-alpha reductase inhibitor