PE unit 4 chronic adaptations

Aerobic respirtory adaptations

• increased lung size

• increased alveolar- capillary interface

Aerobic cardiovascular adaptations

• hypertrophy of the left ventricle larger (increase volume)

• increased capillary density and blood flow to heart muscle (myocardium)

• increased capillary density of slow twitch fibres

• increased blood volume, % red blood cells and haemoglobin

aerobic muscular adaptations

• increased size and number of mitochondria

• increased myoglobin stores (transports + stores O2)

• increased glycogen, triglyceride stores and osidative enzymes

• type 2A muscle fibre adaptations

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aerobic chronic adaptations for all 3 systems

• all aerobic adaptations will indirectly lead to higher LIP

• directly increase LIP: increased size and number of mitochondria and increased oxidative capacity

anaerobic cardiovascular/muscular adaptations

• increased left ventricle wall thickness

anaerobic muscular adaptations

• muscular hypertrophy due to increase in number and size of myofibrils

• increase muscular stores of ATP and PC

• increased ATPase and creatine enzymes

• increased muscular stores of gylcogen and increased glycotic enzymes

neuromuscular adaptations (for resistance training)

• increased number of motor units recruited

• increased synchronisation of motor units

• increased firing rate of motor units

• reduced inhibitory signals 9protective reflex)

increased lung capacity

• aerobic respiratory adaptations

• functional change: increase TV, decrease RR at rest and submax

• impact: increase O2 uptake

increased alveolar- capillary interface

• aerobic respiratory adaptations

• functional change: increase rate of difussion

• impact: more O2 in the blood to be transported to the working muscles

hypertrophy of the left ventricle

• aerobic cardiovascular adaptations

• functional change: increased SV, decrease HR at rest and submax, increase cardiac output at max

• impact: increase Q at max intensity means more oxydenated blood is being transported to the working muscles

increased capillary density and blood flow to heart muscle (myocardium)

• aerobic cardiovascular adaptations

• functional change: increase O2 to the heart muscle

• impact: heart muscle can work more efficiently

increased capillary density of slow twitch muscle fibres

• aerobic cardiovascular adaptations

• functional change: increased supply of O2 and nutrients and more efficient removal of waste products

• impact: increased O2 transported to working muscles= increased aerobic respiration

increased blood volume, % red blood cells (haematocrit) and haemoglobin

• aerobic cardiovascular adaptations

• functional change: increased O2 transportation to working muscles, removal of by-products, thermoregulation

• impact:increased aerobic respiration/ higher aerobic intensity, delayed onset of fatigue, decreased risk of fatigue due to dehydration

increased size and number of mitochondria

• aerobic muscular adaptations

• functional change: increase sites of ATP synthesis and therefore rates of aerobic respiration

• impact: higher aerobic intensity and LIP

increased size and number of mitochondria

• aerobic muscular adaptations

• functional change: increased sites therefore rates of aerobic respiration

• impact: higher aerobic intensity and LIP

increased myoglobin stores

• aerobic muscular adaptations

• functional change: increased a-VO2 difference

• impact: increased O2 utilised by working muscles= increased aerobic respiration

increased glycogen and triglyceride stores and oxidative enzymes

• aerobic muscular adaptations

• functional change: improved glycogen sparing (more effective utilisation of triglyceride stores)

• impact: can conserve glycogen for higher intensities such as sprint finishes, can sustain higher intensites

type 2A muscle muscle fibre adaptation

• aerobic muscular adaptations

• functional change: type 2A fibres take on the characteristics of slow twitch fibres

• impact: greater ability to produce ATP aerobically and delay the onset of fatigue

increased VO2 max

• result of all 3 systems

• impact: greater rate of ATP production= higher aerobic intensity and improved economy of the athlete

higher lactate inflection point

• indirectly: all aerobic adaptations increase LIP

• directly: increased size/number of mitochondria, oxidative capactity (enzyme activity)

• functional change: ability to utilise more O2 to produce ATP aerobically at higher intensities

• impact: delays onset of fatigue until higher intensities so athletes can work at higher intensities for longer

increased left ventricle wall thickness

• anaerobic cardiovascular/muscular adaptation

• functional change: blood ejected from heart with greater force, decrease systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest and sub max intensities

• impact: greater blood flow to working muscles and faster removal of metabolic by-products

muscular hypertrophy due to increase in number and size of myofibrils

• anaerobic muscular adaptation

• functional change: greater contractile force- force production

• impact: greater muscular strength and power

increased muscular stores of ATP and PC

• anaerobic muscular adaptation

• functional change: increases the capacity of the ATP-PC system

• impact: the athlete can maintain maximal intensity for longer

increased ATPase and creatine kinase enzymes

• anaerobic muscular adaptation

• functional change: increased the release of energy for muscle contractions, increases the rate of ATP resynthesis

• impact: increased capacity of the ATP-PC system

increased muscular stores of gylcogen and increased glycotic enzymes

• anaerobic muscular adaptation

• functional change: increased glycotic capacity

• impact: anaerobic system can produce greater amounts of ATP so athlete can maintain high intensity for longer

increased lactate tolerance (anaerobic)

• anaerobic muscular adaptation

• functional change: improved buffering capactity (neutralisation of acid caused by H+ production)

• impact: prevents the onset of fatigue caused by muscle acidosis and allows athlete to continue producing ATP aerobically and maitain high intensities despite lactate accumulation

increased motor unit recruited

• neuromuscular adaptations to resistance training

• increased power and strength of muscular contractions

increased synchronisation of motor units

• neuromuscular adaptations to resistance training

• more powerful and forceful muscular contractions

increased firing rate of motor units

• neuromuscular adaptations to resistance training

• increased rate of force development which increases power/speed

reduced inhibitory signals (protective reflex)

• neuromuscular adaptations to resistance training

• greater force production- increases strength