Key Concepts in the Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian Revolutions

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Last updated 2:52 AM on 7/31/26
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14 Terms

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Copernican Revolution

Shift in the field of astronomy from a geocentric understanding of the universe, centered around Earth, to a heliocentric understanding, centered around the Sun, as articulated by the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century.

<p>Shift in the field of astronomy from a geocentric understanding of the universe, centered around Earth, to a heliocentric understanding, centered around the Sun, as articulated by the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century.</p>
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Geocentrism

Concept that the planets, as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion around the Earth, as stated by Claudius Ptolemy.

<p>Concept that the planets, as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion around the Earth, as stated by Claudius Ptolemy.</p>
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Darwinism

Theory of biological evolution developed by Charles Darwin, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations.

<p>Theory of biological evolution developed by Charles Darwin, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations.</p>
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Natural Selection

Process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits, allowing better adaptation to the environment.

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On the Origin of Species

Darwin's book published in 1859 that first formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection.

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Evidence for Evolution

Supported by a wide variety of scientific disciplines, including paleontology, geology, genetics, and developmental biology.

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Main Points of Evolution Theory

"All life on Earth is connected and related to each other," and diversity of life is a product of "modifications of populations by natural selection."

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Fitness

In the Darwinian sense, the ability of an organism to survive and contribute its genes to the next generation.

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Social Behavior in Evolution

Plays an obvious role in evolution, such as the ability to find food, avoid predation, or defend one's young.

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Freudian Revolution

Movement founded by Sigmund Freud, focusing on psychoanalysis as a method for treating mental illness and explaining human behavior.

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Influence of Childhood

Freud believed that events in our childhood greatly influence our adult lives, shaping our personality.

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Neuroses

Problems during adulthood that may arise from anxiety originating from traumatic experiences in a person's past.

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The Unconscious Mind

Part of the psyche that contains thoughts and memories not accessible to conscious awareness.

<p>Part of the psyche that contains thoughts and memories not accessible to conscious awareness.</p>
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The Psyche

The totality of the human mind, conscious and unconscious.