Organic Chemistry

carbohydrate

a simple or complex sugar that is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

photosynthesis

CO2 + H2O + energy —> carbohydrate + O2 (don’t forget the reversible reaction of photosynthesis and respiration)

glucose

C6H12O6

monosaccharides

a carbohydrate that CANNOT be split up or hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrates, 3 to 6 carbons, contain either an aldehyde or ketone, all carbons connected to a hydroxyl group besides the carbon connected to the carbonyl group

triose

monosaccharide with 3 carbon atoms

tetrose

monosaccharide with 4 carbon

pentose

monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms

hexose

monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms

aldose

monosaccharide group with aldehyde, aldo-

ketose

monosaccharide group with ketone, keto-

disaccharide

two monosaccharide units that are joined together that can be split by hydrolysis in the presence of an acid or enzyme

polysaccharide

a sugar that is made up of three or more monosaccharide groups that can be completely hydrolyzed

chiral molecules

an object or molecule that has a nonsuperimosablle mirror image

achiral molecules

Object whose mirror image is identical to the original and can be superimposed on

enantiomers

4 DIFFERENT GROUPS in a chiral compound

how are carboxylic acids formed?

through oxidation

primary alcohol —> aldehyde —> carboxylic acid

carboxylic acid

-COOH

IUPAC: methanoic acid

common name: formic acid

IUPAC : ethanoic acid

common name : acetic acid

IUPAC : propanoic acid

common name : propionic acid

IUPAC : butanoic acid

common name : butyric acid

features of carboxylic acids

HIGH BP : higher that aldehydes and alcohols

very soluble from 1 - 5 carbons bc of hydrogen bonds

weak acids bc it produces carboxylate and hydronium ions when in water