Unit 4 Review Questions

Rituximab is an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody used for treatment of lymphoma. Which of the following statement is NOT true:

1. the primary origin site of lymphoma is the bone marrow

2. CD20 is a cell membrane protein found in B cells

3. the monoclonal antibody acts as an opsonin that is recognized by phagocytic macrophages and dendritic cells

4. rituximab can be used for autoimmune disease such as arthritis

1. the primary origin site of lymphoma is the bone marrow

LDL cholesterol is called “bad” cholesterol because:

1. it leads to destruction of the red blood cells

2. high LDL overtime can lead to atherosclerosis in the arteries

3. it changes the heart rhythm by affecting the Purkinje fibers

4. none of the above

2. high LDL overtime can lead to atherosclerosis in the arteries

Which statement about thalassemia and sickle cell disease (SCD) is TRUE:

1. thalassemia and sickle cell disease are both non-genetic disorders that affect the lymphocytes

2. sickle cell disease is often diagnosed late in adult life

3. sickle cell disease is a common disease in Asia

4. both thalassemia and SCD c an run in families. the severity depends on which and how many genes you inherit from your parents

4. both thalassemia and SCD c an run in families. the severity depends on which and how many genes you inherit from your parents

what is the primary driving force behind the movement of lymph fluid through lymphatic vessels?

1. pumping action of the heart

2. skeletal muscle contraction and breathing movements

3. active contraction of the thick smooth muscle in all lymphatic capillaries

4. chewing food and swallowing

2. skeletal muscle contraction and breathing movements

EKG/ECG can be very useful to detect and diagnose the following conditions except which one:

1. cardiac arrythmias

2. myocardial infarction

3. long qt syndrome

4. acid reflux

4. acid reflux

at the molecular level, what specific amino acid substitution is responsible for the structural defect in hemoglobin S (HbS) in sickle cell anemia:

1. substitution of valine by glutamic acid at position 6 of the beta-globin chain

2. complete loss of beta-globin gene

3. substitution of glutamic acid by valine at position 6 of the beta-globin chain

4. substitution of serine by alanine at position 66 of the beta-globin chain

3. substitution of glutamic acid by valine at position 6 of the beta-globin chain

which of the following components of the heart directly receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

1. right atrium

2. left atrium

3. right ventricle

4. atrioventricular node

5. SA node

2. left atrium

A person is admitted in the hospital ER  diagnosed with severe Atherosclerosis and coronary heart attack. One of the immediate treatment options would include a Stent placement. This means that the patient will undergo the following:

1. heart transplant

2. surgical removal of the pulmonary aorta

3. fixing the valve of the right atrium

4. a medical procedure that uses a tiny metal mesh tube to keep the blocked or narrowed artery open and restore blood flow

5. brain surgery to restore cardiac arrhythmia

4. a medical procedure that uses a tiny metal mesh tube to keep the blocked or narrowed artery open and restore blood flow

In class we learned that ischemia is the restriction of blood flow to a region of the body. Which of the following likely happens if ischemia affects the heart?

1. the heart muscles will become stronger to balance out the reduced blood flow

2. heart cells will begin to produce more ATP

3. the person will develop an autosomal dominant LQTS

4. the heart will fail to produce scar tissue

5. the person will have a higher chance at developing arrhythmia

5. the person will have a higher chance at developing arrhythmia

which of the following is correct about lymph nodes?

1. lymph nodes are the central pump of the lymphatic system

2. lymph nodes contain macrophages and dendritic cells

3. lymph nodes are located primarily in the bran

4. lymph nodes produce red blood cells

5. lymph nodes become smaller in size during infection

2. lymph nodes contain macrophages and dendritic cells

Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer treatment -what does "releasing the brakes" signify?

1. inhibiting the signals that suppress T cell activity against cancer cells

2. process to make sure that enough red blood cells are generated

3. activation NK cells

4. ensuring that t cells fail to attack the cancer cells

5. dampening the overall immune response in the body

1. inhibiting the signals that suppress T cell activity against cancer cells

The genetic defect in Sickle Cell Disease leads to production of an abnormal protein called hemoglobin S (HbS) instead of the normal adult hemoglobin. How does this affect the activity of red blood cells (RBCs) and lead to damage throughout the body?

1. RBCs in sickle cell disease fails to carry oxygen throughout the body

2. RBCs in sickle cell disease undergo cell death, preventing any RBCs from entering the blood

3. When hemoglobin S releases oxygen, it forms stiff, rigid rods inside the RBCs, which alters their shape causing them to clump up and generate Vaso-occlusions

4. The damage stems from an autoimmune response that targets RBCs for destruction

3. When hemoglobin S releases oxygen, it forms stiff, rigid rods inside the RBCs, which alters their shape causing them to clump up and generate Vaso-occlusions

Which of the following is the correct statement about Hemoglobin?

1. a type of white blood cell

2. a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels

3. a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen

4. a major component of plasma

5. it is a lipoprotein
   
   

3. a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen

what vessel carries oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart?

1. pulmonary veins

2. aorta

3. vena cava

4. pulmonary arteries

1. pulmonary veins

Which of the following best describes the primary structural and functional nature of the human w?

1. a solid, encapsulated organ located in the chest

2. a network of fluid-filled spaces supported by a meshwork of collagen and elastin fibers found throughout the body

3. an epithelial lining specialized exclusively for gas exchange in the lung

4. a rigid barrier that prevents macromolecule passage between tissues

2. a network of fluid-filled spaces supported by a meshwork of collagen and elastin fibers found throughout the body

the first phase of hemostasis is characterized by the following:

1. increased synthesis of hemoglobin

2. activation of the factor XV (15)

3. formation of fibrin mesh

4. vasoconstriction to restrict the flow of blood

4. vasoconstriction to restrict the flow of blood

CRISPR/Cas9 systems are powerful tools that can be used to precisely alter DNA sequences. What organism was CRISPR/Cas9 originally discovered in, and what was its original function prior to its use as genetic editing technology?

1. CRISPR/Cas9 was originally found in Plants, and its original function was to protect cells from viral infection and serve as an innate immune defense system

2. CRISPR/Cas9 was originally discover in Viruses, and its original function was to delete genes within the infected cell to promote viral infection

3. CRISPR/Cas9 was originally discovered in Human blood stem cells, and its original function was to repress the fetal-hemoglobin gene and promote the expression of the adult-hemoglobin gene

4. CRISPR/Cas9 was originally discovered in Bacteria, and its original function was to protect the cells from viral infection and serve as an adaptive immune defense system

4. CRISPR/Cas9 was originally discovered in Bacteria, and its original function was to protect the cells from viral infection and serve as an adaptive immune defense system

Which of the following cell types should be directly targeted for treatment of sickle cell disease?

1. B lymphocytes

2. mature macrophages

3. hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells

4. cardiomyocytes

5. T lymphocytes

3. hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells

Upon damage to the endothelial cells of the blood vessels, which initial interaction is primarily responsible for arresting circulating platelets at the site of vascular injury?

1. interaction between platelets and von Willebrand factor (vWF)

2. interaction between platelets and red blood cells

3. interaction between platelets and factor VIII

4. interaction between platelets and thrombin

1. interaction between platelets and von Willebrand factor (vWF)

which of this statement about Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is incorrect:

1. Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is exclusively autosomal dominant

2. Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most common inherited bleeding disorder, affecting about 1% of the population

3. VWD Patients suffer from frequent, longer than normal bleeding and bruises

4. VWD is caused by missing, low, or dysfunctional protein called von Willebrand factor

1. Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is exclusively autosomal dominant

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a serious condition. Common treatment choices will include which of the following:

1. Anticoagulants such as warfarin and heparin

2. collagen injections

3. high does of platelet transfusions

4. factor X replacement

5. CRISPR

1. anticoagulants such as warfarin and heparin

Researchers/Doctors are utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 to target BCL11A as a treatment choice for Sickle cell Disease. What is the primary goal of this therapy?

1. prevent production of fetal hemoglobin in red blood cells

2. disrupt the silencer that suppresses production of fetal hemoglobin

3. eliminate the ability for stem cells to become cancerous

4. reduce the amount of fetal hemoglobin that a baby in utero receives

5. increase production of adult hemoglobin

2. disrupt the silencer that suppresses production of fetal hemoglobin

select the FALSE statement about sickle cell hemoglobin and disease:

1. sickle cell hemoglobin forms polymer chains

2. sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the beta-globin gene that removes two amino acids from the protein

3. sickle cell hemoglobin changes shape (sickles) when it is deoxygenated (releases oxygen)

4. recent clinical trails of sickle cell disease patients treated by CRAISPR Cas based approach have shown great promise

2. sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the beta-globin gene that removes two amino acids from the protein

which of the following statement about the human genome is FALSE:

1. less than 2% of the genome codes for proteins; the overwhelming majority consists of the non-coding DNA

2. the human genome contains approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA

3. the genomic sequence differs vastly between people based on their diet

4. the complete human genome of an individual can be sequenced today at a very reasonable cost due to technological innovation

3. the genomic sequence differs vastly between people based on their diet

mature hematopoietic cells that not have a nucleus are:

1. red blood cells and platelets

2. natural killer cells

3. b cells

4. only platelets

5. neutrophils

1. red blood cells and platelets

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that causes the body to produce abnormally thick and sticky mucous that clogs airways within the lungs. A mutation in which of the following genes is responsible for cystic fibrosis?

1. erythropoietin, a hormone

2. neutrophil elastase, an enzyme

3. CTFR, ion channel protein

4. Abl, a kinase

5. SOX2, a transcription factor

3. CTFR, ion channel protein

Neonatal respiratory disease syndrome is a breathing disorder in newborns and infants. It is caused by insufficient production of surfactant within the lungs, which leads to alveolar collapse during breathing. What cell type in the lungs is responsible for producing surfactant?

1. pulmonary capillaries

2. Type II pneumocytes

3. goblet cells of the trachea

4. alveolar macrophages

2. Type II pneumocytes

The lining of the trachea contains many goblet cells. What is the main function of these goblet cells?

1. produce an secrete mucus to trap bacteria and environmental pollutants

2. gobble up dead RBC

3. regulate gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

4. serve as stem cells for differentiation into type I pneumocytes

1. produce an secrete mucus to trap bacteria and environmental pollutatns

How can cultured adult fibroblast cells be induced to generate induced pluripotent stem cells?

1. addition of four specific transcription factors into the cultured fibroblast cells

2. CRISPR-Cas9 of the fibroblast cells genome to mutate one specific gene

3. addition of a zygote to the cultured fibroblast cells

4. by growing the cultures fibroblast cells together with macrophages

1. addition of four specific transcription factors into the cultured fibroblast cells

A metabolic shift, known as the Warburg effect, abnormally occurs in cancer cells. Which of the following accurately describes the Warburg effect?

1. metabolism of glucose into acetyl-coA in the absence of oxygen

2. metabolism of glucose into acetyl-coA in the presence of oxygen

3. metabolism of acetyl-coA into ethanol in the absence of oxygen

4. metabolism of glucose into lactate in the presence of oxygen

4. metabolism of glucose into lactate in the presence of oxygen

Which of the following is TRUE about Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) disease

1. Without AAT in the lungs, an enzyme called neutrophil elastase breaks down lung elastic tissue, leading to emphysema

2. Caused by mutation in the SERPINA1 gene

3. The misfolding of the protein Alpha-1-antitrypsin is the primary disease mechanism of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD)

4. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is an inherited genetic disorder

5. all of the statements above

5. all of the statements above

2,3-DPG cannot bind as tightly to fetal hemoglobin as adult hemoglobin. As a consequence, fetal hemoglobin retains a higher affinity for oxygen. This difference allows oxygen to transfer smoothly across the placenta from maternal blood to the fetus

1. true

2. false

1. true

During strenuous exercise, which combination of local tissue factors shifts the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve to the right, facilitating enhanced oxygen unloading?

1. decreased pH, increased temperature, increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide

2. decreased levels of Erythropoietin

3. increased pH, decreased temperature, decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide

4. increased levels of Tissue Factor (factor III)

1. decreased pH, increased temperature, increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Because barometric pressure decreases at higher altitudes, there are fewer oxygen molecules per breath. This causes blood oxygen saturation to drop (hypoxia). Which of the following events takes place in the high altitude acclimatization process as a result?

1. the spleen detects this low oxygen level and generates more Hematopoietic stem cells

2. the kidneys generate more erythropoietin (EPO) which travels to the bone marrow, signaling it to increase the production of RBC

3. the lung senses this low oxygen level and ensures that more alveoli are generated from stem cells

4. the blood vessels in the kidneys detects this low oxygen level and start making more Hemoglobin

2. the kidneys generate more erythropoietin (EPO) which travels to the bone marrow, signaling it to increase the production of RBC