kidney microscopy

Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells

Stretch Receptors (Baroreceptors)

(Beta-1) Adrenergic Receptors

Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells

• synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin.

• Regulation of Blood Pressure & Filtration: By releasing renin into the bloodstream, they kick off the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), which raises systemic blood pressure and blood volume.

Macula Densa cells

Chemoreceptors / Osmoreceptors: They are specialized epithelial cells in the distal convoluted tubule that specifically monitor and sense the concentration of sodium chloride ($\text{NaCl}$) in the tubular fluid.

macula densa cells

To monitor the rate of filtrate flow and the concentration of NaCl passing through the nephron.

kidney cortex

kidney medulla

glomerulus

proximal convuluted tube

distal convulted tube

renal corpuscle

glomerular capsule

collecting cells

nephron loops

urinary system tissue

transitional epithelium of the urinary system

transitional epithelium

lamina propria

muscularis

glomerulus

• Primary Function: It acts as a high-pressure capillary bed that filters blood as the first step in urine formation.

• Glomerular Filtration: Water, ions, and small molecules are pushed out of the blood through its capillary walls and into the surrounding glomerular (Bowman's) capsule, while larger molecules like blood cells and proteins are retained in the bloodstream.

cell types in glomerular capsule

• Parietal Layer (Outer layer): Composed of simple squamous epithelial cells (parietal cells) that provide a structural boundary for the capsular space.

• Visceral Layer (Inner layer): Composed of specialized, branching cells called podocytes, which wrap around the glomerular capillaries and form filtration slits.

simple squamous epithelial cell and podocytes

cell types in glomerular capsule

Lumen Appearance

Fuzzy, indistinct, and often star-shaped or occluded (narrow/partially closed)

microvili and Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Cells

________ ___ __________ ___________ __________ ____ create the fuzzy, indistinct, and often star-shaped or occluded (narrow/partially closed) appearance of the lumen

urinary bladder wall

lumen

transitional epithelium mucosa

detrusor muscle

lamina propria

renal corpuscle of kidney

distal convuluted tube

glomerulus

glomerular capsule

nondistended bladder (empty)

distended bladder (full)