macleans college year 9 EOY sos exam

Ostrakons

Pieces of pottery used in ancient Athens for voting to exile a person.

Divine right of kings

the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God

Personality cult

Promotion of the image of an authoritarian leader not merely as a political figure but as someone who embodies the spirit of the nation and possesses endowments of wisdom and strength far beyond those of the average individual and is thus portrayed in a quasi-religious manner.

Propaganda

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Suffrage

the right to vote in political elections

Safeguards on democracy

Measures taken to protect democratic processes and ensure fair governance.

Communism

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Democracy

a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.

Dictatorship

A form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority.

Absolute monarchy

A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power

Kawanatanga

governorship

Tino Rangatiratanga

sovereignty

Mana

power, authority

Raupatu

Land confiscation

Kingitanga

Maori king movement

Native Land Courts

Courts established to adjudicate land claims by Māori, often resulting in loss of land.

Waitangi Tribunal

Established in 1975 to investigate breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi and form treaty settlements (land or cash). Reinstated use of Te Reo Maori (language) 1987

Pa

a fortified village or stronghold

Utu

repayment/revenge

Missionary

A person who spreads his or her religious beliefs to others

Whenua

land

Treaty

A formal agreement between two or more sovereign states

Protection

when something is kept safe

Partnership

A business in which two or more persons combine their assets and skills

Equal treatment

the equal treatment of people regardless of who they are.

Migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.

Push and pull factors

Conditions that draw people to another location (pull factors) or cause people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region (push factors)

Obstacles to migration

Intervening obstacle: environmental/political feature preventing migration, predominantly environmental in the past, more political today.Borders, borders beyond borders (border control), passports, visas, etc.

Emigration

going to a place

Immigration

arriving at a place

Seasonal migration

Migration based on the time of year

Northward drift

Movement from southern places to northern places

Urbanisation

Increase in the proportion of the countries population living in towns and cities

Industrialisation

the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.

Commuting

travel for the purpose of getting to and from work

Chain migration

the process where people from a particular region or country follow others from the same place to a new, specific destination, either within the same country or in a different one

Forced migration

involuntary or coerced movement of people from their homes due to threats from natural of manmade disasters

Counter- flow

When one group of migrants move into an area and others move out

Assisted passage

Financial support provided to help individuals migrate.

Suburbanisation

The movement of people, employment and facilities from inner to outer urban areas.

Internal migration

Migration within a country

Polynesian Panthers

Group set up by young Pacific Island university students as a response to the prejudice and discrimination they faced from the police.

Dawn Raids

Action carried out by the NZ Police whereby they entered Pacific Island properties in the early morning to find and arrest overstayers.

New Zealand Company

A British company set up by Edward Gibbon Wakefield to bring organized groups of settlers to NZ in the 1840s.

Crust

Earth's outermost layer.

Mantle

The layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core.

Core

The central part of the earth below the mantle

Continental drift

the gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological time.

Convection currents

Circular currents in the mantle caused by the magma being heated by the core off the Earth.

Tectonic plates

Sections of the Earth's crust that move due to convection currents.

Oceanic and continental crust

Oceanic crust is thinner, denser, and made of basalt and gabbro (rich in magnesium and iron), while continental crust is thicker, less dense, and composed of lighter rocks like granite and sandstone (rich in silicon and aluminum)

Subduction

the sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earth's crust into the mantle beneath another plate.

Magma

Molten rock beneath the earth's surface

Uplift

the rising of regions of the Earth's crust to higher elevations

Volcanoes

an opening in the Earth's crust through which molten lava, ash, and gases are ejected.

Shield

a broad, gently sloping volcano built from layers of highly fluid lava, resembling a warrior's shield lying on the ground

Cone

a classic conical volcano with steep sides, built up over time by many eruptions of viscous lava flows and explosive pyroclastic (ash and rock) deposits

Caldera

a large, bowl-shaped depression formed when a volcano collapses into its magma chamber after a major eruption empties the chamber

Scoria

a glassy, mafic, igneous rock containing abundant air-filled holes

Dome

a circular or elliptical landform where rock strata have been pushed upward into a rounded, dome-like shape

Weathering

The breaking down of rocks and other materials on the Earth's surface.

Fluvial erosion

water flowing in streams dislodges and dissolves weathered sediment

V shaped valleys

a valley with a relatively narrow bottom, formed by a river

Glacial erosion

the process by which glaciers cut, carve or scratch the earth's surface

Lateral moraine

moraine that forms along the side of a glacier

Medial moraine

A moraine formed when two advancing valley glaciers come together to form a single ice stream, forms in the middle of the glacier

Terminal moraine

a moraine deposited at the point of furthest advance of a glacier or ice sheet.

U shaped valleys

the shape of a valleys carved by glaciers

Braided rivers

wide and shallow, multiple channels separated by islands and bars

Fiords

are coastal inlets formed by drowning of glacially carved valleys by rising sea level

Coastal erosion

Wearing away and breaking up of rock along the coast.

Aeolian erosion

erosion caused by wind

Transportation

the movement of eroded material (sediment) by natural agents like wind, water, or ice

Deposition

Process in which sediment is laid down in new locations.

ANZAC

Australian and New Zealand Army Corps

Western Front

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.

Trench

a long, narrow ditch.

No Mans' Land

Territory between rival Trenches, very dangerous

Stalemate

A situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible

War of attrition

war that is fought over a long period

Over the top

a military term used when soldiers had to leave their trench and go into the No Man's Land in order to attack the enemy trench

Alliances

agreements between nations to aid and protect one another

Memorials

object or building displayed in memory of person or event