LAB 1 AND LAB 2

What is anatomical position?

Standing upright, feet together, eyes forward, and palms facing forward.

What does anterior (ventral) mean?

Toward the front of the body.

What does posterior (dorsal) mean?

Toward the back of the body.

What does superior mean?

Above or toward the head.

What does inferior mean?

Below or toward the feet.

What does medial mean?

Toward the middle of the body.

What does lateral mean?

Away from the middle of the body.

What does proximal mean?

Closer to where a limb attaches to the body.

What does distal mean?

Farther from where a limb attaches to the body.

What does superficial mean?

Near the surface of the body.

What does deep mean?

Farther inside the body.

What does ipsilateral mean?

On the same side of the body.

What does contralateral mean?

On opposite sides of the body.

What does intermediate mean?

Between two structures.

What does bilateral mean?

On both sides of the body.

What does the frontal (coronal) plane divide the body into?

Front and back portions.

What does the sagittal plane divide the body into?

Left and right portions.

What does the midsagittal plane divide the body into?

Equal left and right halves.

What does the transverse plane divide the body into?

Upper and lower portions.

What is a body section?

A cut or view through the body.

What does the cranial cavity contain?

The brain.

What does the vertebral cavity contain?

The spinal cord.

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

The heart and lungs.

What does the abdominal cavity contain?

Many digestive organs.

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

The urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.

What cavities make up the dorsal body cavity?

The cranial and vertebral cavities.

What cavities make up the ventral body cavity?

The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

The diaphragm.

What does cephalic mean?

Head.

What does frontal mean?

Forehead.

What does mental mean?

Chin.

What does cervical mean?

Neck.

What does acromial mean?

Shoulder.

What does thoracic mean?

Chest.

What does sternal mean?

Breastbone area.

What does axillary mean?

Armpit.

What does abdominal mean?

Abdomen.

What does umbilical mean?

Navel.

What does umbilical mean?

Pelvis.

What does pubic mean?

Genital region.

What does inguinal mean?

Groin.

What does coxal mean?

Hip.

What does brachial mean?

Upper arm.

What does antecubital mean?

Front of the elbow.

What does antebrachial mean

Forearm.

What does carpal mean?

Wrist.

What does manus mean?

Hand.

What does palmar mean?

Palm of the hand.

What does pollex mean?

Thumb.

What does femoral mean?

Thigh.

What does patellar mean?

Front of the knee.

What does popliteal mean?

Back of the knee.

What does crural mean?

Front of the lower leg.

What does sural mean?

Calf.

What does fibular (peroneal) mean?

Outer side of the lower leg

What does tarsal mean?

Ankle.

What does pedal mean?

Foot.

What does plantar mean?

Sole of the foot.

What does hallux mean?

Big toe.

What does gluteal mean?

Butt.

What does sacral mean?

Area at the base of the spine between the hips.

What does lumbar mean?

Lower back.

What does dorsum mean?

Back.

What is the function of the ocular lens?

The lens you look through; usually magnifies 10×.

What is the function of the objective lenses?

Magnify the specimen.

What is the function of the revolving nosepiece?

Holds and rotates the objective lenses.

What is the function of the stage?

Supports the slide.

What is the function of the stage clips?

Hold the slide in place.

What is the function of the arm?

Supports the microscope's upper parts and is used when carrying it.

What is the function of the base?

Supports the microscope.

What is the function of the COARSE adjustment knob?

Moves the stage quickly for rough focusing.

What is the function of the FINE adjustment knob?

Sharpens the image.

What is the function of the condenser?

Focuses light on the specimen.

What is the function of the iris diaphragm?

Controls the amount of light passing through the specimen.

What is the function of the illuminator?

Provides light.

What is the function of the body tube or head?

Holds the optical parts in alignment.

How do you calculate total magnification?

Multiply the ocular lens magnification by the objective lens magnification.

What is the total magnification with a 10× ocular lens and a 4× objective?

40×.

What is the total magnification with a 10× ocular lens and a 10× objective?

100x.

What is the total magnification with a 10× ocular lens and a 40× objective?

400×.

What is working distance?

The distance between the objective lens and the slide when focused.

What happens to working distance when magnification increases?

Working distance decreases.

What is the field of view?

The area you can see through the microscope.

What happens to the field of view when magnification increases?

The field of view becomes smaller.

How do you make a wet mount?

Place the specimen on a slide, cover it with a coverslip, and add a drop of water at the coverslip's edge.

What objective should you start with when focusing?

The lowest-power objective.

What happens to the letter “e” under a microscope?

It appears magnified and upside down/reversed.

How should you carry a microscope?

Hold the arm with one hand and support the base with the other.

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Controls what enters and leaves the cell.

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

Contains the cell's contents outside the nucleus.

What is the function of the nucleus?

Contains DNA and controls cell activities.

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

Surrounds the nucleus.

What is chromatin?

DNA and proteins containing genetic information.

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Makes components used to form ribosomes.

What is the function of ribosomes?

Make proteins.

What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Helps make and transport proteins.

What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Makes lipids and helps detoxify substances

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Modifies, sorts, and packages substances.

What is the function of lysosomes?

Digest worn-out cell parts and foreign substances.

What is the function of peroxisomes?

Break down harmful substances.