Bio 181 Unit 3: Biodiversity

What are the 3 domains?

1. Bacteria (Prokaryote)

2. Archea (Prokaryote)

3. Eukaryota (eukaryote)

What is the difference between a Prokaryote and Eukaryote?

• A prokaryote has no organelles (no nucleus)

• A Eukaryote has organelles (nucleus)

What are the two groups of kingdoms?

• Autotroph

• Heterotroph

What is an autotroph?

Organisms that are self sustaining

What is a heterotroph?

Organisms that eat other foods

What are 4 types of Kingdoms?

1. Plants and Algae

2. Animals

3. Fungi

4. Protozoan

How do plants and algae get nutrients?

Photosynthesis

How do animals get nutrients?

Ingestion

How do fungi get nutrients?

Absorption

How do protozoans get nutrients?

Intracellular digestion (pulls food in and digests it in the cell)

What is included in the opisthokonta supergroup

• Fungi

• Animals

• Choanoflagellate

What is the main trait of the opisthokonta supergroup?

Posterior flagellum (cell movement)

What is gastrulation?

The process of a cell turning into the stomach

What are the types of germ layers?

• N/A

• 2-Layers (diploblast)

• 3-Layers (triploblast

What is the ectoderm?

• Tissue layer on the outside

• Epidermis and nervous system

• Tracheal tubes in insects

What is the endoderm?

Digestive and respiratory systems

What is the mesoderm?

• Muscle and bone

• Circulation

• Reproduction

What is the difference between a Protostome and Deuterostome?

The mouth develops first on a protostome and the anus develops first on the deuterostome

What is an incomplete digestive system?

• Gastrovascular cavity with 1 opening (no specialized regions)

• Used as stomach and for circulation

What are the characteristics of an incomplete digestive system?

• 360 degree senses

• Non-Movement (sessile)

• Radial symmetry

What are the characteristics of a complete digestive system?

• Cephalization (senses at head)

• Directional movement

• Bilateral symmetry

What does size mean?

• Need for support structures and transport systems

• Larger mass means less surface area (transport to internal cells)

What does faster movement mean?

• Need for support structures and transport systems

• Stronger muscles means more energy (need for O₂) and faster senses

What are the 3 types of support structures?

• Hydroskeleton

• Exoskeleton

• Endoskeleton

What is a hydroskeleton?

Flexible fluid filled cavity

What are the characteristics of a hydroskeleton?

• Circulation of nutrients, gasses, and wastes

• Flexible, low cost, easy repair

What is an exoskeleton?

Hard structure outside the epidermis

What are the characteristics of the exoskeleton?

• Good protection but heavy (limits size)

• Increase speed

What are the characteristics of the endoskeleton?

• Allows large growth

• Increase speed

What is an endoskeleton?

Hard structure under the epidermis

What is the function of digestion?

• Take in energy for metabolism/homeostasis

• Take in resources to build molecules/structures

• Take in nutrients that can’t be built

What are the types of digestive systems?

• None

• Incomplete

• Complete

What is a complete digestive system?

Tube with 2 openings (moth and anus) that allows specialization

What happens with no digestive system?

Intracellular digestion or absorb pre-digested nutrients

What is the main drawback of a complete digestive system?

If something breaks down the organism will die

What does physical digestion do?

Increase the surface area of food (same thing before and after)

What does chemical digestion do?

• Turn large molecules into small molecules (break bonds)

• Makes food possible to absorb

What types of digestion happen in the mouth?

Physical and chemical digestion

What enzyme do the salivary glands secrete?

Amylase

What do carbs break down into?

Simple sugars

What do proteins break down into?

Amino acids

What do fats (lipids) break down into?

Fatty acids

What does amylase do?

Breaks starch into simple sugars

What do enzymes do?

• Speed up reactions

• Not used up in reaction

What does denature mean?

A protein falls apart and loses its function

What environmental condition is needed to denature a protein?

High heat

What is the pharynx?

Common passageway between oral/nasal cavities and the trachea/esophagus

What does the epiglottis do?

Covers the trachea and prevents food from entering the lungs

What is the esophagus?

Passageway from pharynx to stomach (food moves by peristalsis)

What does the liver do?

Produces bile

What does pepsin do?

Digests proteins into amino acids

What does the gallbladder do?

Store and secrete bile

What does the pancreas do?

Produces and releases bicarbonate and lipase.

What does bicarbonate do?

Neutralizes acid

What does bile do?

• Breaks down and digest fats

• Increases surface area so lipase can work

• Mechanical digestion

What does lipase do?

Breaks fats/lipids into fatty acids

What does the small intestine do?

Absorbs nutrients into the blood

What do villi do?

Increase the surface area in the small intestine for absorption

What does the large intestine do?

Absorbs water

What does bacterial symbiosis in the large intestine do?

• Break down nutrients and synthesize vitamins

What are essential nutrients?

Nutrients that can’t be made in the body and must be eaten

What is malnutrition?

The lack on an essential nutrient

What do larger organisms need?

Transport to get materials close to cells

How do gasses and nutrients move

By diffusion which is passive

What are the 5 types of respiratory systems?

• Cutaneous

• Gastrovascular

• Tracheal Tubes (Insect)

• Gills

• Lungs

What are the characteristics of cutaneous respiration?

Very small animals or high surface area

What is respiration through the gastrovascular cavity?

Respiration via the digestive cavity

What is respiration through tracheal tubes?

Holes that open to tubes throughout the body

What happens in the gills respiratory system?

Countercurrent exchange

What is counterexchange?

Blood moves opposite the current of water as fish breathe

What are the characteristics of lungs in vertebrates?

• Lungs are outpouchings of gut

• Mammals have alveoli

• Amphibians do not need complicated lungs

What are the characteristics of lungs in birds?

• Unidirectional air flow

• Air tubules

• Air sacs

• Crosscurrent exchange

What is crosscurrent exchange?

• Blood flow runs 90 degrees to the air flow

• Blood goes across the air flow

What are the 3 types of circulatory systems?

• No circulatory system

• Open circulatory system

• Closed circulatory system

What are the characteristics of no circulatory system?

• In microscopic organisms or animals with high surface area

• No structures (heart or vessels) to distribute nutrients, wastes, and gases

What are the characteristics of an open circulatory system?

• In small organisms (less than 3 inches)

• Heart pumps fluids around a cavity (no connected vessels)

What are the characteristics of a closed circulatory system?

• Allows longer size/length (blood pressure)

• Heart pumps fluid through closed system of vessels

How many chambers does a fish heart have?

2

What are the characteristics of a fish heart?

• Low gravity in the ocean means lower blood pressure

How many chambers does an amphibian heart have?

3

What are the characteristics of the amphibian heart?

• Breathe through skin so inefficiency works fine

• Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix in the ventricle

• Deoxygenated blood goes to the lungs

• Oxygenated blood goes to the body

How many chambers does the mammalian and bird heart have?

4

What are the characteristics of the mammal/bird heart?

• No mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

• Efficient for endothermy (high metabolism)

What are the characteristics of the reptilian heart?

• Have 3.5 chambers

• Have a partially divided ventricle

• Need higher efficiency than amphibians since they only have lungs

What are the characteristics of an artery?

• Take blood away from the heart

• Thick walls

• High Pressure

What are the characteristics of a vein?

• Take blood toward heart

• Have valves

• Low Pressure

What are capillaries?

The smallest section where gases and nutrients can enter cells

What is the first circuit of capillaries

• Heart

• Artery

• Capillaries at body cells

• Vein

• Heart

What is the second circuit of capillaries?

• Artery

• Capillaries at lung alveoli

• Vein

• Heart

What are the characteristics of blood?

• Red blood cells carry O2 and CO2

• Contains nutrients (sugar, amino acids, minerals)

• White blood cells for immune system

• Platelets

• Plasma, Water

• Hormones

Where are blood cells made?

In bone marrow

How many germ layers do porifera (sponges) have?

None

What type of digestive system do porifera have?

No digestive system. Intracellular digestion

What is the key trait of porifera?

Pores

Do porifera have cephalization?

No they are asymmetrical

What cells are in porifera?

• Inner cells (choanocytes)

• Outer cells (pinacocytes)

• Middle cells in goop

What do choanocytes do?

Move water along and filter out food for porifera

What are the characteristics of the Porifera support structure?

• Spicules

• Endoskeleton

• Defense with spicules and chemicals

How many germ layers does Cnidaria have?

2 germ layers with jelly in between

What are the two types of Cnidaria?

Medusa and Polyp