9/17 Thurs Quiz 9: Identify ethics and identify the research method

Ethical Guidelines for Research

Informed consent/assent

Debriefing and approved deception

Confidentiality or

Anonymity

IRB (Review)

Protection from harm (physical or mental)

"I Do Care About the Research Participants"

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment for ethics and methodology. This group determines if the research is following the ethical guidelines.

Includes human and non-human research

Debriefing

After the study, participants should be told the purpose, a full explanation of the hypothesis, and told about any deception

ETHICAL GUIDELINE

Protection from harm

Can't have significant mental or physical risk. Volunteers must leave the experiment in basically the same mental and physical state in which they came to the experiment.

Mental risk of thinking you killed someone is now considered an ethical violation of this category - Milgram experiment

ETHICAL GUIDELINE

Informed consent

BEFORE the study, the volunteer participants must know that they are involved in research and agree to volunteer for it. Participants AGREE to a basic idea of what they are getting into.

Subjects are told that they can leave the experiment at any time

At this point (before the experiment), however, participants will NOT be told if they will be deceived and NOT told about the hypothesis

ETHICAL GUIDELINE

informed assent

Consent may only be given by individuals who have reached 18 years old, the legal age of consent. Assent is the agreement of someone not able to give legal consent to participate in the activity.

Research with children or adults not capable of giving consent (like someone that is mentally disabled) requires the consent of the parent or legal guardian and the assent of the subject.

ETHICAL GUIDELINE

Anonymity or confidentiality

Research must have one or the other of confidentiality or anonymity

Confidentiality: Only researchers can match responses with participants, and steps are taken to prevent outsiders from having this information. The final report will substitute "Participant 58" for the real name.

Anonymity: No personal information is collected: Participants' identities remain unknown, even to the researcher.

ETHICAL GUIDELINE

type of research methods

1. Experiment

2. Case Study

3. Correlation

4. Meta-analysis

5. Naturalistic observation

non-experimental methodologies

Psychological research methodologies that are NOT an experiment:

1. Case study

2. Correlation

3. Meta-analysis

4. Naturalistic observation

THESE do not show cause and effect (causal) relationships

Case Study

Examines one individual or small group in depth

A type of non-experimental method

Much of the what we know of the brain came from case studies of individuals with brain damage

Since it only studies one person, findings of this research cannot be applied to the population without further research

Naturalistic Observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Research method that involves watching participants in their habitats without interacting with them.

The goal is to get a realistic and rich picture of the participants' behavior

Cannot establish cause and effect relationships between variables.

A type of non-experimental method

Like Jane Goodall studying chimpanzees

Survey

a technique for getting data for correlational research. This method is for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group which involves asking people to fill out questionnaires

Often used to gather opinions or attitudes and for correlational research from many people

Questions should be careful of how something is worded can create the framing effect

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

Often, this type of analysis then gets a bigger correlation from all the data and studies

a type of non-experimental method

Correlation

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

A type of non-experimental method

One trait or behavior is related to another

THIS could be positive - the two factors move in the same direction - when one is increased the other factor also increases, and when one is decreased the other factor also decreases

THIS could also be negative - the two factors move in opposite directions - when one is increased the other is decreased and vice versa

Experiment

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process to show CAUSE AND EFFECT -a causal relationship

Includes: an Independent Variable, a Dependent Variable, a Control Group, and an Experimental Group

Experiment vs Correlation

Correlations don't prove cause and effect, but they do suggest a cause and effect

Experiment is the only research method that can prove cause and effect