AP world

Caravel

A ship development that allowed for longer sea voyages during the age of exploration.

The Great Dying

A demographic collapse of Native American populations due to European diseases, with populations declining by $60\%$ to $80\%$.

Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of animals, plants, diseases, and populations between the Old World and the New World.

Mercantilism

An economic theory emphasizing government regulation of the economy to increase national wealth through a favorable balance of trade.

Mestizo

An individual of mixed European (Spanish) and Indigenous ancestry in colonial Latin American society.

Yasak

A tribute system used by the Russian Empire in conquered lands, often paid in the form of valuable furs.

Devshirme System

An Ottoman practice where Christian boys were taken, converted to Islam, and trained for service in the administrative or military elite.

Martin Luther

Author of the Ninety-Five Theses who triggered the Protestant Reformation by criticizing Catholic Church practices.

Taki Onqoy

A revivalist movement in Peruvian society that blended Indigenous traditions with resistance against European dominance.

Heliocentric Model

The scientific theory proposed by Copernicus stating that the Earth revolves around the Sun.

Isaac Newton

Scientist who formulated the Universal Law of Gravitation, describing gravity as a force acting on both celestial and terrestrial bodies.

Voltaire

Enlightenment philosopher who advocated for religious tolerance, rationality, and the separation of church and state.