Bio Unit 2

What benefits do cells gain by compartmentalization?

• damaging cells can be isolated

• conditions can be maintained at optimum value

• large parts of the membrane can become dense with proteins for a process

DOD - damaging, optimum, dense

Which organelles have a single cell membrane?

EVLG -

ER

vacuole

lysosomes

golgi

Which organelles have a double cell membrane?

NMC

Nucleus

mitochondria

chloroplast

Properties of eukaryotes

Multi-celled Animal or plant Larger Membrane-bound organelles Meiosis/mitosis

Properties of prokaryotes

Single-celled Bacteria Smaller Binary fission

Similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

• Use DNA

• Have a cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasma membrane

What is cholesterol and where is it found in animal cells?

Cholesterol is a lipid that maintains cell membrane fluidity.

It also supports cell membrane structure and strength.

Integral proteins

Embedded in the cell membrane’s lipid bilayer INTEGRATES

Peripheral proteins

• Temporarily attached to the cell’s outer surface

• OUTSIDE

What are the functions of membrane bound proteins?

EATRAA: Enzymatic activity, receptors, transport, recognition, adhesion, anchorage.

What are some tissues that would have a high number of aquaporins in the cell membrane?

 Kidneys or root hair cells

What are gated channel proteins? What is an example of a function that is mediated by a gated channel protein?

Gated channel proteins are selective transport proteins (channels) that open or close in response to a signal (gated).

Properties of glycoproteins

Adhesion Small chains of carbs

Properties of glycolipids

Membrane structure

Similarities between glycoproteins and glycolipids

• Form when carbs are linked to proteins or lipids

• Found on the extracellular surface of the cell membrane

• Form the glycocalyx together

How does the structure of a phospholipid contributes to the structure of the lipid bilayer?

The hydrophilic heads face the watery environments inside and outside the cell while the hydrophobic tails face inward, causing phospholipids to naturally form a double-layered membrane (bilayer).

What are the factors that determine permeability of a substance through the membrane? 

1. Particle size

2. Polarity

3. Charge

4. Hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties 

Which substances can freely diffuse through the cell membrane?

• Water, C & O

• Small nonpolar

• Nonpolar steroid

Which substances cannot freely diffuse through the cell membrane?

• Charged ions

• Large polar molecules

What happens to plant cells if they are placed in a hypertonic solution?

Water moves out of the cell

What happens to plant cells in a hypotonic solution?

 Water moves into the cell

Describe the structure of the cell membrane, and know which areas are polar, and which areas are non-polar.

STRUCTURE: phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol, and carbs (glycoproteins, glycolipids.

POLAR: Heads.

NON-POLAR: fatty acid chains (tails) of the phospholipids

Explain the basic structure and functions of the cell organelles

1. Nucleus - stores the cell’s DNA

2. Mitochondria - converts ATP to energy

3. ER - Rough: manufactures and processes proteins; Smooth: produces lipids

4. Golgi - Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins

5. Ribosomes - Synthesizes proteins sing instructions from RNA

6. Vacuoles - stores water, nutrients, salts, and waste products

7. Cell membrane - controls what goes in and out of the cell

What are the equations for ctotal magnification, image magnification, actual size, and image size for microscopy images

• TOTAL MAG: ocular*objective

• IMAGE MAG: 

• ACTUAL SIZE: image size/magnification

• IMAGE SIZE: mag*actual size