Condensed all sam

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex and what does each produce?

Glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), fasciculata: glucocorticoids (cortisol), reticularis: androgen precursors.

What is the HPA axis sequence?

Hypothalamus releases CRH → pituitary releases ACTH → adrenal cortex releases cortisol.

What are the three major causes of canine Cushing’s?

Pituitary-dependent, adrenal tumor-associated, and iatrogenic.

What causes pituitary-dependent Cushing’s and what happens to the adrenal glands?

A functional pituitary adenoma produces excess ACTH, both adrenal glands enlarge from chronic stimulation.

What happens to the opposite adrenal gland with an adrenal cortisol-producing tumor?

It atrophies because ACTH stimulation is decreased.

What causes iatrogenic Cushing’s and what happens to the adrenal glands?

Exogenous glucocorticoid administration, ACTH decreases and both adrenal glands atrophy.

What are the four P’s of Cushing’s?

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and panting.

Why does Cushing’s cause a pot-bellied appearance?

Abdominal muscle breakdown and hepatomegaly.

What is the screening test of choice for canine Cushing’s?

Low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (LDDST).

What medication is most commonly used to treat canine Cushing’s?

Trilostane, which blocks steroid hormone production.

What is a pheochromocytoma and what clinical clue may be present?

An adrenal medulla tumor producing excess catecholamines, pronounced or persistent hypertension.

What causes diabetes mellitus?

Inadequate insulin secretion and/or inadequate insulin action.

What are the classic clinical signs of diabetes?

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and weight loss.

What is the typical pathophysiology of canine diabetes?

Permanent beta-cell loss causing insulin deficiency, it resembles type 1 diabetes and dogs generally need lifelong insulin.

What is the typical pathophysiology of feline diabetes?

Insulin resistance plus beta-cell dysfunction, it resembles type 2 diabetes.

What is plantigrade stance in diabetic cats?

Walking on the hocks due to peripheral neuropathy.

What eye complication is common in diabetic dogs?

Diabetic cataracts, potentially causing sudden blindness.

What two laboratory findings support diabetes mellitus?

Persistent hyperglycemia and glucosuria.

Why is feline diabetes harder to diagnose using a single glucose measurement?

Stress hyperglycemia can cause marked temporary glucose elevations.

What is fructosamine used for and what time period does it reflect?

It estimates average blood glucose over approximately the previous 7–10 days.

What is the primary treatment for diabetic dogs?

Insulin injections.

What type of diet is often preferred for diabetic cats?

A low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet.

What is the Somogyi effect and what should you do if it is suspected?

Insulin-induced hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia, decrease insulin rather than increase it.

What causes diabetic ketoacidosis?

Insufficient insulin allows fat breakdown and ketone production, causing metabolic acidosis.

What additional finding should be checked in a sick diabetic patient?

Ketones, including blood beta-hydroxybutyrate.

What is the most common endocrine disorder in cats?

Feline hyperthyroidism.

What is the most common cause of feline hyperthyroidism?

Functional adenomatous hyperplasia or adenoma.

What is the classic weight and appetite pattern in hyperthyroidism?

Weight loss despite normal or increased appetite.

What is a thyroid slip?

Palpable enlargement of the thyroid gland.

What is the most common thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy?

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

What is the first-line thyroid test in cats?

Total T4.

What test helps when total T4 is nondiagnostic?

Free T4, interpreted alongside total T4.

What are the three main treatment options for feline hyperthyroidism?

Medication, dietary therapy, surgery, or radioactive iodine.

How does methimazole work?

It inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis.

What does radioactive iodine (I-131) do?

It destroys functioning thyroid follicular cells.

What is primary Addison’s disease?

Adrenal gland damage causing low cortisol and often low aldosterone.

What is secondary Addison’s disease?

Low ACTH from pituitary dysfunction causing low cortisol, aldosterone usually remains normal.

What electrolyte changes occur in primary Addison’s?

Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and hypochloremia.

What happens to the sodium-to-potassium ratio in Addison’s?

It decreases, often below 27:1, a low ratio is suggestive but not diagnostic.

What CBC finding is characteristic of Addison’s?

Lack of a stress leukogram, often with eosinophilia and lymphocytosis.

What heart rate abnormality can severe hyperkalemia cause?

Bradycardia.

What is the confirmatory test for Addison’s?

ACTH stimulation test.

What happens to cortisol after ACTH administration in an Addisonian dog?

Little to no increase.

What fluid is used initially during an Addisonian crisis?

IV 0.9% saline.

Why is dexamethasone used during an Addisonian crisis?

It provides glucocorticoid replacement without interfering with cortisol measurement.

What does DOCP replace?

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid).

What causes primary feline hyperaldosteronism and what are major signs?

Autonomous aldosterone secretion from zona glomerulosa tumor or hyperplasia, hypokalemia, weakness, cervical ventroflexion, and hypertension.

What is the overall goal when anesthetizing an endocrine patient?

Stabilize the patient before anesthesia and understand disease-related risks.

Why are hypothyroid patients at risk for slow anesthetic recovery?

Reduced metabolism and hypothermia.

Why should hyperthyroid cats be stabilized before elective anesthesia?

To control cardiovascular effects such as tachycardia and arrhythmias.

What medication may be started before surgery for uncontrolled tachycardia or arrhythmias in a hyperthyroid cat?

Atenolol.

What is an important anesthetic risk in dogs with Cushing’s disease?

Hypercoagulability and risk of pulmonary thromboembolism.

Why are Addisonian patients at risk during anesthesia?

Hypotension, arrhythmias, shock, and adrenal crisis.

When should diabetic patients ideally undergo elective surgery?

After their diabetes is regulated.

How often should blood glucose be checked during anesthesia in diabetic patients?

Every 30 minutes, then periodically during recovery until eating.

Why is diabetic ketoacidosis a poor anesthetic state?

Dehydration, metabolic acidosis, electrolyte abnormalities, and risk of hypotension and arrhythmias.

How should an insulinoma patient be fasted before anesthesia?

Minimize fasting to 4–6 hours.

What is the most common Bartonella species in cats and its primary vector?

Bartonella henselae, the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis).

What disease can Bartonella henselae cause in humans?

Cat scratch disease.

What are important clinical signs of feline Bartonella?

Fever, lymphadenopathy, uveitis, endocarditis, and myocarditis.

What is the primary treatment for feline Bartonella?

Doxycycline.

What is the primary Bartonella species in dogs and its primary vector?

Bartonella vinsonii berkhoffii, ticks.

How is canine Bartonella treated and for how long?

Dual therapy with doxycycline and a fluoroquinolone for 4–6 weeks.

What is a defining characteristic of Mycoplasma and why are beta-lactams ineffective?

Mycoplasma lacks a cell wall, so beta-lactam antibiotics are ineffective.

Which Mycoplasma causes hemolytic anemia in cats?

Mycoplasma haemofelis.

Which Mycoplasma causes feline upper respiratory disease and which causes canine pneumonia?

M. felis causes feline upper respiratory disease, M. cynos causes canine pneumonia.

What is the preferred diagnostic test for Mycoplasma?

PCR from EDTA blood.

What major organs are affected by leptospirosis and is it zoonotic?

Kidneys and liver, yes, it is zoonotic.

What is the primary reservoir for leptospirosis and how is it commonly transmitted?

Rodents, especially rats, exposure to infected urine or contaminated water.

What pulmonary complication can occur with leptospirosis?

Leptospiral pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome.

What are the two major diagnostic tests for leptospirosis?

MAT and PCR.

What is the initial antibiotic treatment for leptospirosis, and what antibiotic eliminates the carrier state?

Parenteral ampicillin initially, doxycycline to eliminate the carrier state.

What are Ehrlichia and Anaplasma?

Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacteria.

What are morulae?

Clusters of bacteria within leukocytes.

Which cells does Ehrlichia canis primarily infect?

Monocytes.

Which cells does Anaplasma phagocytophilum primarily infect?

Neutrophils.

Which cells does Anaplasma platys infect?

Platelets.

What are the three phases of canine ehrlichiosis?

Acute, subclinical, and chronic.

What is a hallmark CBC finding in ehrlichiosis?

Thrombocytopenia.

What can chronic ehrlichiosis cause in the bone marrow?

Myelosuppression and pancytopenia.

What is the preferred definitive test to identify Ehrlichia species?

PCR.

What is a common treatment for canine ehrlichiosis?

Doxycycline for approximately 28 days.

What is the primary vector for Anaplasma phagocytophilum?

Ixodes ticks.

What disease does Anaplasma platys cause and how often can thrombocytopenia cycle?

Canine infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia, every 10–14 days.

What cells does Rocky Mountain spotted fever primarily infect and what is its major pathophysiologic effect?

Endothelial cells, severe vasculitis.

What are important signs of Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

Fever, depression, hemorrhage, and thrombocytopenia.

What is the treatment for Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

Doxycycline or other tetracyclines.

What is the most common type of canine hypothyroidism and its common causes?

Primary hypothyroidism, lymphocytic thyroiditis and idiopathic thyroid atrophy.

What are classic metabolic signs of hypothyroidism?

Lethargy, mental dullness, inactivity, and weight gain.

What is the classic dermatologic pattern for cushing’s?

Bilateral truncal alopecia, dry brittle coat, and hyperpigmentation.

What is rat tail?

Alopecia of the tail.

What cardiovascular finding may occur with hypothyroidism?

Bradycardia.

What chemistry abnormality is common?

Hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia.

What is nonthyroidal illness syndrome?

Concurrent illness suppresses thyroid hormone measurements.

What is the preferred initial screening test for canine hypothyroidism?

Total T4.

Why is low total T4 alone not diagnostic?

Illness and medications can also lower T4.

What is the preferred method for measuring free T4?

Equilibrium dialysis.

What does an increased canine TSH add to low T4 or free T4?

Specificity for hypothyroidism.

What is the treatment of choice for canine hypothyroidism?

Synthetic levothyroxine.

Which systemic fungal infections are emphasized in the lecture?

Blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and sporotrichosis.