Circuits Midterm

According to the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem, a continuous signal can be fully reconstructed from its samples if it’s sampled at a rate:

At least twice the highest frequency present in the signal

What does the sampling frequency of an ADC represent?

The rate at which the ADC samples the continuous analog signal

What refers to the difference between the measured value and the true or accepted value?

Error

Which term refers to the smallest change in a quantity that an instrument can detect?

Resolution

A microphone is primarily categorized as which of the following

Transducer

What is the primary purpose of the Kline-McClintock formula in the realm of instrumentation uncertainty?

Estimating the total uncertainty from multiple sources

If an instrument’s output reading depends on both its current and previous input values, this phenomenon is termed as

Hysteresis

Which characteristic defines the performance of an instrument when the instrument reaches steady-state value?

Static

What is the primary function of a transducer?

To convert one form of energy to another

What does the settling time of a system indicate?

The time required for the system’s output to stay within a specified percentage of its final value

Which device inherently has a discrete resolution due to its binary nature?

Digital ADC (Analog to Digital Converter)

If measurements are closely grouped but far from the true value, they are:

Precise but not accurate

Which of the following defines the resolution of an ADC?

The smallest change in analog input voltage that results in a change in the digital output

Which term describes a region within which an instrument doesn’t produce an output or response to changes?

Dead Band

Which term indicates the time it takes for the output of a system to reach its first maximum value?

Peak Time

Which factor is likely NOT a consideration when evaluating the stability of an instrument?

The instrument’s responsiveness to changes in input

If a system’s response exceeds its final steady-state value by 5%, this excess is referred to as":

Overshoot

If a temperature sensor produces a voltage change of 50 uV for every 2C change in temperature, what is its sensitivity?

25 uV/C

Which error occurs when the output value of a system depends not only on the current input value but also on its previous input values?

Hysteresis Error

The failure rate of a system is typically expressed as:

Failures per unit of time