AP world ch 4 quiz

Russian Empire

based in Moscow, expanded into northern Asia and Eastern Europe, conquered multiple neighboring Russian-speaking cities

yasak

tribute demanded by Russian rulers, usually paid in cash or with goods like fur. helped Russia profit from its expansion into Siberia and strengthened imperial control over conquered populations

Ming Dynasty

helped to restore Chinese traditions, promote Confucianism, and eliminate the destruction caused by the Mongols. dynasty fell after Manchu conquest, encyclopedia

Qing expansion

Areas outside of China were conquered, adding new non-Chinese people as part of society, and creating the borders of contemporary China. strengthened china’s influence in east and central asia.

Ottoman Empire

followed after the Byzantine Empire, it contained parts of southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. became major gunpowder empire

Devshirme

thousands of Christian boys were converted to Islam and learned Turkish, where they would join the military or become elites. let to creation of janissaries

janissaries

elite, gunpowder-equipped infantry corps that drove Ottoman military expansion

Grand Vizier

the second-most powerful position in the empire

Safavid Empire

 Intended to forcibly convert people to Shia Islam, leading to a cultural transformation from Sunni to Shia, competed with the Sunni Ottoman Empire

Mughal Empire

expanded centralized rule, encouraged trade, and supported impressive architecture, such as the Taj Mahal. They governed a largely Hindu population, making religious policies important to the empire's stability.

Zamindars

Helped to extend imperial authority through collecting taxes, but also kept some money for themselves.

Akbar

Developed religiously tolerant and inclusive policies, Mughal emperor, included Hindus in government

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor,  Challenged the beliefs of Akbar, reversed his policies to impose Islamic supremacy, and reimposed jizya (tax on non-Muslims).

Songhay Empire

gained wealth through trade in gold and salt, while Islam influenced education and government, controlled important trans-Saharan trade routes and cities such as Timbuktu

pueblo revolt

Pueblo peoples expelled the Spanish from the region for about 12 years. The revolt demonstrated Indigenous resistance to forced religious conversion, colonial labor demands, and cultural suppression.

Hernán Cortés

took over the Aztec empire and expanded a Spanish Mesoamerican empire, expanded Spanish colonial power in the Americas and gave Spain access to Indigenous wealth and resources. His victory was aided by Indigenous allies, disease, and Spanish military technology.

great dying

A great majority (almost 90%) of the pre-Columbus indigenous population died because they lacked immunities to the Old World diseases, Labor shortages also encouraged Europeans to expand the transatlantic slave trade.

little ice age

an effect of human-caused global warming, Colder conditions and changing weather patterns contributed to crop failures, food shortages, and economic hardship in some regions, increasing social and political instability.

general crisis

Regions closer to the equator and throughout Eurasia experienced unusual weather patterns, putting stress on many societies.Wars, rebellions, economic difficulties, and climate-related crop failures challenged governments and contributed to instability.

Columbian Exchange

A large network of transatlantic trade and communication, as well as migrated, connected Europe, Africa, and North and South America, but also aided the transfer of diseases. transformed diets, agriculture, populations, and economies worldwide, Horses and other introduced animals also changed life in the Americas.

mercantilism

Fueled European colonialism globally. encouraged European countries to establish colonies that supplied raw materials and purchased manufactured goods. It increased competition among European powers and helped expand global trade and colonial exploitation.

mestizo

multiracial population that resulted from relationships with Spanish men and Native American women. Mestizos became an important part of colonial society and reflected the mixing of populations under Spanish rule. Colonial authorities developed racial and social hierarchies that often influenced people's rights, occupations, and status.

mulattoes

A highly derogatory term used during the 18th century. Came from the Portuguese and was used to describe people of mixed European and African descent. created by European colonization and the transatlantic slave trade. In many colonies, racial classifications helped determine social status, legal rights, and access to opportunities.

settler colonies

Emerged in the northern British colonies of New England, large numbers of people from the colonizing country migrated to settle permanently, often taking Indigenous land. transformed the population, economy, and political control of colonized regions. Indigenous peoples often faced displacement and violence.

Jared Diamond

author of guns, germs, and steel