Chapter 16 - Adaptive Immunity and Immunization

Vocabulary flashcards covering the concepts of adaptive immunity, immunization types, lymphocyte lineages, immune competence, and the stages of the immune response from Chapter 16 lecture notes.

Active Immunity

Immunity that involves making use of antibodies that you produced yourself; primes the immune system

Passive Immunity

Immunity that involves making use of antibodies that you did not make yourself.

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

Immunity developed when a person is naturally exposed to a pathogen and their own immune system produces antibodies and memory cells in response.

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

Immunity gained naturally when a mother transfers antibodies to her baby through breast milk.

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

Immunity acquired through a vaccine (a shot of antigens) where a person is exposed to antigens in a controlled clinical setting to prime their immune system.

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

Immunity where pre-made antibodies produced somewhere else are administered to a person in a clinical setting.

Lymphocytes

White blood cells of lymphoid lineage that help the body's immune system fight infections; lymphoid lineage; they are specific and only react when they see their corresponding antigen.

The Immunocompetent Immune System has…..

• The ability of a normal immune system to distinguish "self"(can do anything) from "non-self," (Prepare to die)

• demonstrate diversity —> make B and T cells, can react with any antigen and combination

• show specificity —> response focused on one single antigen (cross reaction may be seen —> looks like antigen that immune system says what’s up)

• maintain memory —> when you are primed to it you will have some memory

• (opposite of immunocompromised).

• B- lymphocytes —> antibodies = when see antigen, will make all antibodies for that specific antigen

• T-lymphocytes—> mature in thymus; attacks infected cell and controls immune system

T- lymphocyte - Helper T-cells ($T_H$)

Specific T-lymphocytes (targeted in HIV/AIDS) that locate cells specific to a given antigen and release cytokines to coordinate the immune response.

T - lymphocyte - Cytotoxic T-cells ($T_C$)

Killer T-lymphocytes that directly destroy an infected cell when they detect their specific antigen displayed on it.

Principal Stages in the Immune System- (1) lymphocyte development/maturation

• Born specific for one antigen

  • Clonal deletion

Clonal Deletion

The process occurring during lymphocyte development that eliminates self-reactive immune cells via programmed cell death to prevent autoimmune disease.

Principal stages in the immune response - Antigen Presentation

The display of antigen pieces on a cell's surface so T cells can recognize the foreign material and trigger an immune response.

• clonal selection

• Antigen presenting cells

  • Dendritic cells, macrophages, TH, etc

  • MHC molecules

  • PAMPs

Clonal Selection

The event during an immune response where an immune cell encounters its specific antigen and binds to it using its surface receptor.

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

Cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages that capture antigens, break them into fragments, and display them on their surface to activate naive or helper T cells.

MHC Molecules

Molecules that present antigen fragments on the cell surface to T cells, helping the immune system recognize threats.

PAMPs

Commonly seen pathogen-associated molecules that are recognized by the immune system.

Dendritic cells

Present antigens to naive T cells

Macrophages

Engulf pathogens and present their antigen to helper T cell

Principal Stages in immune response - (3) Lymphocyte Proliferation

The division and multiplication of antigen-stimulated B and T cells to help fight an active infection.

Active Cells

Effector lymphocytes that respond immediately to an infection by attacking pathogens or secreting antibodies.

Memory Cells

Long-lived lymphocytes scattered throughout lymph nodes that recognize previously encountered antigens and trigger a faster immune response upon re-exposure.

Principal stages in immune response - (4)- lymphocyte activity

Make antibodies toward your antigen and kill them

B Cells (B - lymphocytes ) - Humoral Immunity

• mature in the bone marrow

• Differentiate (when stimulated) into…

  • Plasma cells

  • Memory B cells

• B Cell Receptor

Plasma Cells

Differentiated, stimulated B cells that secrete classes of antibodies specific to a single antigen.

Memory B-Cells

Differentiated B cells (comprising about $5\text{--}10\%$ of stimulated cells) kept in storage throughout the lymphatic system for long-term immunity.

B-Cell Receptor (BCR)

A surface receptor (such as IgD) that defines the specific antigen target that the B cell is programmed to recognize; receptor tells you what you are specific for