CRJ Exam 1

Ensuring that citizens are protected from abusive power by government is known as ______.

Due Process

Following the events of September 11, 2001, then President Bush declared a _________.

War on Terrorism

What was viewed as the most serious problem in the United States according to ta Gallup Poll in 1965?

Crime

A social system designed to maintain order and regulate interaction is known as a(n) ________.

System of social control

The author suggests in an analogy, that the criminal justice system’s various levels of government operations are sperate, but linked together in comparison to _________.

A picket fence

In 1967 President Johnson’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice concluded that _______.

The criminal justice system was a dynamic system, constantly adjusting and changing

The ______ can be divided into law enforcement, prosecutors and the courts, probation and parole, and jails.

Criminal Justice System

Which model emphasizes public order, and swift, efficient, and effective justice?

Criminal control model

Which act made it illegal for businesses, motels, restaurants, and public transportation providers to deny citizen’s service based upon their race?

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Civil disobedience was a tactic used by activists in which of the following?

The Civil Rights Movement

Who has the authority to ultimately decide which charges will be filed against the defendant?

The prosecutor

At what point in the criminal justice process is the defendant asked to enter a formal plea of either guilty or not guilty to the charges?

Arraignment

Which panel of citizens hears evidence from a prosecutor to determine if a defendant should be brought to trial?

Grand Jury

Sociology is the study of human ________ behavior.

Social

Which of the following is a purpose for booking a suspect into jail?

To establish the identity of a person

Which U.S. Supreme Court decision established the exclusionary rule?

Weeks V. United States

What is the landmark case that abolished capital punishment for juveniles?

Roper v. Simmons

The guilt of the defendant is determined through trial, plea-bargaining, or dismissal of charges, which is what stage of the criminal process?

Adjudication

A decision issues by a grand jury authorizing the prosecutor to arraign the defendant is called a ______.

A true bill

What century did the demand for accurate time data emerge?

1920s

The Prohibition Amendment is also known as the ______.

Volstead Act

Which of the following groups were the first to publish the nation crime report?

International Association of Police

Which of the following is considered a Part I offense? Choose the best answer.

All of the above

Which agency is responsible for compiling the data for the UCR?

FBI

The dark figure of crime statistics is referring to ______.

Unreported crime

The National Crime Victimization Survey was first originated in what decade?

1970s

The National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) was established in which year?

1972

Which method of gathering data promotes itself as “the United Sates’ primary source for criminal justice statistics?”

Bureau of Justice Statistics

Which age group has the highest rate of victimization?

12-17

The highest rate of victimization occurs in the ______.

Midwest

Which of the following is a Part II offense?

Gambling

One theory of why victimization which is normally greater in larger cities, and exception can occur in which smaller cities might see higher victimization could be explained by:

Dislocation

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, which is the most common reason violent victimizations were not reported to the police?

Dealt with it in another way or it was a personal matter

Which movement grew out of the dissatisfaction of victims with the passive role, neglect, and minimization of harm they suffered?

Victims’ rights movement

Which president convened the Presidents’ Task Force on Victims of Crime?

Ronald Reagan

Which of the following does the crime victims’ bill of rights attempt to ensure? Choose the best answer.

All of the above

In regard to clearance rates, “solved” means?

Police believe they know the perpetrator of the crime

According to the 2015 crime clock statistics, a larceny-theft occurred every ____.

5.5 seconds

Crime statistics _______.

Indicate what crimes have occurred

Which one of the following events below is evidence to that the American colonists believed in evil sprits, supernatural explanations, and used the judicial process to rid the colonies of so-called satanic influences?

The Salem witch trials

An attempt to define and explain factors that predict behavior under certain conditions is termed _______.

Theories

Theories that share the assumption of free will and rational choice are commonly called ________.

Classical school theories

Which one of the following men is credited with the formation of the neoclassical school of criminology?

Jeremy Bentham

Bentham’s philosophy is called _________.

Utilitarianism

Whose theory of the “criminal man” was the first important positivist theory to emerge?

Cesare Lombroso’s theory

The central tenant of the positivist school of criminology is that _______.

A criminal’s decision to commit crime is influenced by external factors

Which perspective emphasized that a person’s criminal nature was an inherited characteristic?

Early biological theories

Cesare Lombroso and Richard Dugdale were proponents of _________.

Biological determinism

Sigmund Freud based his theory on the underlying assumption that behavior is _______.

Controlled by subconscious desires

Freudian theory argues that __________.

Crime is committed to alleviate feelings of guilt, so one will be punished

Which of the following is NOT a sociological theory explaining criminal behavior?

Freud himself focused on the study of criminal behavior

Which of the following is NOT a sociological theory explaining criminal behavior?

Psychoanalytic theory

Criminal offender John Doe grew up surrounded by poverty and other disruptive social forces. Which theory would argue that his criminal behavior was independent of individual characteristics?

Social disorganization

Chicago experienced unemployment problems, poor schools and substandard housing during the early part of the 20th century, hence criminal behavior could be expected in these zones according to _____.

Shaw and McKay

Which theory is based on the belief that structural factors such as poverty, illiteracy, lack of schooling, and unemployment and powerful forces that influence levels of crime?

Zone theory

The differential association theory believes that criminal behavior is learned through association with a peer group that engages in criminal behavior and was created by _____.

Edwin Sutherland

Lower class youth who reject middle-class values that that cannot achieve and create their own counterculture is termed ______.

Reaction formation

The concept of protecting the identity of juveniles charged with delinquency is rooted from which theory of criminology?

Labeling theory

Which of the following is a variable that criminologists believe influences criminal behaviors? Choose the best answer.

All of the above

Parking violation or underage drinking are examples of what type of behavior?

Mal prohibita

Which of the following can the president issue regarding the execution of legislation that oversees the behavior of officers and agencies of the executive branch?

Executive orders

Which limit of the law requires the publication of a law before it can be enforced?

Principle of legality

Which limit of the law protects a person from being punished for an action committed before such a law existed?

Ex post facto laws

The law must provide clear and specific language to define a prohibited behavior. If they do NOT, they might be considered _____.

Void for vagueness

The Model Penal Code classifies crime according to _____.

The victim of the crime

The principle that a person has commonsense understanding that the results of his or her behavior might cause harm is termed _____.

General intent

Actions that do NOT require criminal intent to be considered a criminal act are called _____.

Strict liability crimes

An incomplete criminal act that is the closest act to completion of a crime is a(n) _____.

Attempt

Which of the following statements is accurate in regard to the consent defense?

It could be a defense in certain sporting events that might result in an opponent's death.

Mr. Smith claims an undercover police officer supplied him with a gun and drove him to a bank encouraging him to rob it. What defense would Mr. Smith claim?

Entrapment

Which one of the following defenses is a justification defense? Choose the best answer.

All of the above are justification defenses

Which defense is sometimes nicknamed as the "lesser of two evils"?

Necessity

Mrs. Johnson shot and killed a man who was trying to break into her house. What is the legal basis for her defending herself from a home invasion?

Self-defense

A legal claim by a defendant that he or she did not understand the difference between right and wrong because they were suffering from a disease or mental defect is known as _____.

Insanity

16. 
    

Which of the following is NOT a crime against persons?

Larceny

Which of the following charges would most likely be filed for a vehicular homicide as a result of drunk driving?

Manslaughter

Which is considered a crime against habitation?

Arson

The offense of burglary combines two lesser crimes, trespass and _____.

Intent to commit a crime