Chemistry of Sex Hormones (L1)

_________is the precursor for ALL steroidal structures

cholesterol (progesterone= precursor for steroidal hormones)

_________is the precursor for all steroidal hormones

progesterone (cholesterol= precursor for alllll steroidal structures)

___________ is a decapeptide neurohormone that is synthesized and released from the hypothalamus

GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone)

LH binds to the _______ (ovary) and _________ (testes) cells to stimulate production of androstenedione (ovary) and testosterone (testes)

theca, leydig

LH binds to the theca (ovary) and leydig (testes) cells to stimulate production of __________ (ovary) and __________ (testes)

androstenedione, testosterone

FSH binds to the _______ (ovary) and _________ (testes) cells to stimulate production of estradiol

granulosa, sertoli

LDL enters through the LDLR into the _______ (ovary) and _________ (testes) cells to stimulate production of androstenedione (ovary) and testosterone (testes)

theca, leydig (the androstenedione and testosterone enter into the granulosa/sertoli cells with LSH)

________ enters through the ________-receptor and LH through the LHR into the theca and leydig cells to stimulate production of androstenedione (ovary) and testosterone (testes)

LDL

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in males

hypothalamus—GnRH—> anterior pituitary—LH/FSH—> testes —>testosterone

testosterone provides __________ feedback

negative

GnRH, LH, and FSH in males

hormonal episodes occur _______ times in 24 hours

4-8 times

GnRH, LH, and FSH in males

_________ discharge of LH is important for high [testosterone] for spermatogenesis & leydig cells being refractory to sustained high levels of LH

pulsatile

GnRH, LH, and FSH in males

pulsatile discharge of ________ is important for high [testosterone] for spermatogenesis & leydig cells being refractory to sustained high levels of ________

LH

GnRH, LH, and FSH in males

pulsatile discharge of LH is important for high [testosterone] for ____________ & leydig cells being refractory to sustained high levels of LH

spermatogenesis

GnRH, LH, and FSH in males

pulsatile discharge of LH is important for high [__________] for spermatogenesis & leydig cells being refractory to sustained high levels of LH

testosterone

GnRH, LH, and FSH in males

pulsatile discharge of LH is important for high [testosterone] for spermatogenesis & _________ cells being refractory to sustained high levels of LH

leydig

GnRH, LH, and FSH in males

pulsatile discharge of LH is important for high [testosterone] for spermatogenesis & prevents ___________ to LH in leydig cells

desensitization

free testosterone binds to androgen _____________ receptors that either bind to DNA to stimulate transcription or other downstream paths

GPCR

is testosterone biosynthesized in females

yes

testosterone IS biosynthesized in females

it is created in the __________ cells of the ovaries

theca

testosterone IS biosynthesized in females

undesirable effects of too much testosterone in women can cause increased ____________, oily skin, acne

hair growth

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in females

hypothalamus—GnRH—> anterior pituitary—LH/FSH—> ovaries —> estrogen/progesterone

estrogen and progesterone have _____________ feedback

negative and positive

extra-ovarian sources of estrogen

estrone (E1) maintains healthy _____________ during menopause

uterine lining (thin)

extra-ovarian sources of estrogen

estrone (E1) maintains healthy, thin uterine lining during ____________

menopause

extra-ovarian sources of estrogen

___________ maintains healthy, thin uterine lining during menopause

estrone (E1)

extra-ovarian sources of estrogen

estradiol (E2) maintains healthy ___________ for possible pregnancy during reproductive years

uterine lining

extra-ovarian sources of estrogen

estradiol (E2) maintains healthy uterine lining during ______________

reproductive years (for possible pregnancy)

extra-ovarian sources of estrogen

___________ maintains healthy uterine lining for possible pregnancy during reproductive years

estrogen (E2)

extra-ovarian sources of estrogen

estriol (E3) maintains healthy ___________ providing blood to the placenta during pregnancy

uterine lining (thick)

extra-ovarian sources of estrogen

_________ maintains healthy, thick uterine lining providing blood to the placenta during pregnancy

estriol (E3)

extra-ovarian sources of estrogen

estriol (E3) maintains healthy, thick uterine lining during _________

pregnancy (provides blood to placenta)

roles of estrogen: helps mature ovum in the ___________ phase

follicular

the main type of estrogen biosynthesized in women of reproductive age is estradiol (E2) and its main anatomical location is the ___________ cells in the ovaries

granulose (androstenedione and testosterone converted to estrogen)

starting in perimenopause, the biosynthesis of ovarian estradiol and progesterone rapidly ____________

decreases

as a result of estrogen reduction, women will experience menopausal symptoms

a long-term projection is that these symptoms may continue unless given HRT and women might develop _____________, or metabolic and cognitive changes

osteoporosis

does estrogen biosynthesis occur in males

yes

estrogen biosynthesis DOES occur in males

it happens in the ________ cells of the testis

sertoli

estrogen biosynthesis DOES occur in males

having too much estrogen in males can cause _______________

gynecomastia (d/t estrogen’s role in breast tissue growth)

if a males LH receptors are completely dysfunctional, what will happen to testosterone production?

T production in leydig cells…

a. can occur with GnRH agonists

b. can occur with lotssss of GnRH

c. will not occur

d. will not be affected

C (without LHRs, no LH can get inside even if there is a bunch of it)

progesterone is biosynthesized in the ____________

corpus luteum

progesterone is biosynthesized in the corpus luteum

it is necessary for the ___________ feedback loop to the hypothalamus

negative (in order to prevent new ovulation cycle)

progesterone is important for maintenance of pregnancy or for the regulation of ___________

estrogen (offsets it)

a ___________ in progesterone causes the initiation of menstrual flow

decrease

a decrease in ___________ causes the initiation of menstrual flow

progesterone

a decrease in progesterone causes ____________

menstrual flow

the LH surge needed for ovulation is initiated with the ____________ feedback loop d/t a ___________ in estrogen

positive, increase

the LH surge needed for ovulation is initiated with the positive feedback loop d/t a increase in _________

estrogen

the _____________ needed for ovulation is initiated with the positive feedback loop d/t a increase in estrogen

LH surge