ANPH 301 quiz 3

4 Major types of animal tissues

• Epithelial Tissue

• Connective Tissue

• Muscle Tissue

• Nervous Tissue

Epithelial Tissue

Barrier between inside and outside lines cavities, forms glands

• sheets of polar cells (sheets of connected cells very close together)

  • apical surfaces faces “outside’ or into a body cavity

  • basal surfaces connects basement membrane, which connects to underlying connect tissue

• Avascular and highly cellular (very little ECM) innervated

  • vascular

  • innervated

  • avascular

• Protection, absorption, secretion, transport, filtration, lubrication

• Apical surfaces often bears cilia (movement of fluids) or microvili (absorption)

Connective Tissue

Protection, connection, structure, support

Muscle Tissue

Contractile, excitable, allows multicellular movement

Nervous system

Excitable, allows for rapid communication and coordination of responses

Inside vs Outside

• epithelium forms barrier inside and outside

• Uterus, bladder, and digestive tract of body considered outside body\

• Inside = w/in cells and tissue

• outside = must cross epithelium

• lining = covers inside of something

Vascular

contains blood vessels

innervated

contain nerves/ nerve endings

avascular

contains no blood vessels

• get O2 nutrients —>from diffusion or cell-cell transport

Types of epithelial layers

• number of layers

  • simple (=stratum)

  • stratified (=strata)

  • looks stratified but isnt = pseudostratified

  • cells change shape = stretchy tissue

1 layer of epithelial tissue

• simple (=stratum)

more than 1 layer of epithelium tissue

• stratified (=strata)

looks like a startified epithelium tissue but isnt

pseudostratified

cells that change shape of epithelium tissue

transitional

flat mature cells

squamous

boxy mature cells

cuboidal (wide as they are talk)

longer than wide mature cells

columnar

pseudostratified

• looks stratified, but isnt

  • 1 layer even if it looks weird

transitional

• cells can change shape (stretchy tissue)

  • weird domed epical surface

  • can stretch laterally

    • when it stretches it flattens

    • looks cuboidla when stretched

  • Elastin —> stretchy protein

    • rebounds, bounces back after its stretched

  • found in urinary system, specifically bladder

Simple epithelium

• 1 layer of cells

  • delicate but allows for diffusion and absorption most important

simple cuboidal epithelium

• In ducts and secretory portions of small glands and in kidney tubules

  • secretes and absorbs

Simple columnar epithelial

Ciliated tissues are in bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus smooth (non-ciliated) tissues are in digestive tract and bladder

• absorbs, it also secrete mucus and enzymes

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Cilated tissue lines the trachea and much of the upper respiratory tract

• Secretes mucus, ciliated tissue moves mucus

  • goblet cells

Goblet cells

Secretes mucus

• tend to be upon simple epithelium

• Impact the cell shape around them

Simple squamous epithelium

Air sacs lungs and the lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

• allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration, and secretes lubrication substances

  • alveoli of lungs

  • Lining of blood and lymphatic vessels vessels

  • Lines inside of hear

—> layer that never contacts outside, also called endothelium

Stratified Epithelium

• more layers = can w/stand more wear and tear friction

  • more durable, more protection

  • Multiple layer = can w/stand friction → more protective functions

• Protective, as well as absorption/ secretion

• Lining of cheeks and esophagus, lining of some glands and ducts, skin

  • skin, outer layers are keratinized

    • protein that makes fingernails hard

    • Allows skin to be water proof because those cells are dead

Stratified squamous epithelium

Lines the esophagus, mouth, and vagina

• protects against abrasion

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Sweat glands, salivary glands, and the mammary glands

• secretes and protects

Stratified columnar epithelium

The male urethra and the ducts of some glands

• secretes and protects

Transitional epithelium

• only found in urinary system (ureters, bladder, urethra)

  • allows the urinary organs to expand and stretch

Glands (Glandular Epithelium)

• specialized for secretion

• Endocrine glands

• Exocrine glands

Endocrine glands

Secretes hormones w/in the body, directly into interstitial fluid and blood stream, never through duct

• ductless, interstitial and for blood, hormones (ex. Insulin)

→ “inside” “sharing”

Exocrine glands

Secrete onto epithelium to “outside” via duct

→ “outside” sharing

• unicellular

• Multicellular

Classification of multicellular glands

• simple

• Compound

• Acinar

Simple multicellular glands

One duct (branched or not)

Compound multicellular glands

Multiple ducts transporting secretions

• secreting parts of the gland connected by non-secreting parts

Acinar multicellular glands

Pockets (round/ spherical)

Tubular multicellular glands

Tubes/ elongated

Unicellular

No duct → goblet cells → secretes mucin → H2O → mucus

Multicellular

Ducts → tubes that conduct secretions to destinations → non secreting of gland

Exocrine secretion types

• Merocrine

• Apocrine

• Holocrine

Merocrine

“part” “separate”

• exocytosis, liquidy

Apocrine

“off/away”

• apical portions of cells pinch off

• nutrient rich, bacteria digest it + produce odour

Holocrine

“whole”

• whole cell bursts to release secretions, very nutrient rich

  • lipid rich contain sebum

Connective tissue

• most structurally diverse tissue type

• vascular and innervated

• cells widely dispersed aurrounded by large amounts of ECM/ interstitial matrix

  • includes amorphous ground substance that fills the space between a mesh of protein fibres

→ mesh of protein fibers (mesh = ground substances) + water + dissolved compounds that “fills”

• collagen

• elastin

• reticular fibres

Components very depending on type

types of connective tissues

• 12 types, 3 categories

  • Supportive connective tissue

  • Fluid connective tissue is fluid

  • connective tissue proper

supportive connective tissue

provides solid, structural support

• structure, movement of the body and parts, resist gravity, protection, store calcium

  • Cartilage:

    • hyaline cartilage

    • fibrocartilage

    • elastic cartilage

  • Bone:

    • spongy bone

    • compact bone

fluid connective tissue

Interstitial fluid connect them

• not a connective tissue but acts like oen

  • blood

  • lymph

Connective tissue proper

• semi-solid and flexible

• most type of cell in connective tissue are fibroblasts

Fibroblasts

produce ECM fibers

• collagen

• elastin

• reticular

Loose connective tissue proper

• loose connective tissue proper: loosely packed fibres

  • Areolar Tissue

  • Adipose Tissue

  • Reticular Tissue

Areolar Tissue

• purpose use connective tissue

• found around blood/ lymphatic vessels

Adipose tissue

• Fat storage → sub-cataneous layer under the skin

• adults have white fat

• babies have brown fat (used to generate heat)

Reticular Tissue

• mesh-like frameworks for cells in non-muscular organs

  • liver, spleen, pancreas, lymph nodes

Dense connective tissue proper

dense connective tissue proper: densely packed fibres

• regular dense tissue

• irregular dense tissue

regular dense tissue

fibres are aligned (high tensible strength in one direction; tendons (muscle-bone); ligaments (bone-bone)

Irregular dense tissue

fibre orientation random (strength in all directions, not as strong as regular fibres)

Tissue membrane

• epithelial membranes

• synovial membrane

epithelial membranes

• epithelial + connective tissue

• serous membrane, mucous membrane, cutaneous membrane (skins)

Synovial membrane

• connective tissue membrane encloses organ (e.g kidney) wrap around movable joints

  • encloses a synovial joint, w/synovial fluid

  • enclosed in a connective tissue

Integumentary system

• skin (largest organ) and accessory structures, inducing hair, nails and glands

• external barrier between body wall and environment

• protects internal organs and spaces from physica; damage, radiation, pathogens, dehydration

• vitamin D synthesis → calcium absorption

• involved in regulation of water, temperature, ion balance

• sensory reception

  • Lamellated corpuscle

  • tactile corpuscle

  • nocireceptor

  • thermoreceptor

Lamellated corpuscle

pressure sensor

tactle corpuscle

touch sensor

nocireceptor

pain sensor

thermoreceptors

heat transfer sensors

• If overheated, capillary beds dilate to lose heat through skin

• if cold capillary beds constrict to prevent heat transfer

• less heat transfer = less blood flow

skin (integumentary)

• largest organ in body

  • 2 main layers

    • epidermis

    • dermis

• closely associated underlying layer

  • hypodermis

• deep to the hypodermis

epidermis

epithelial tisse

• nocireceptor

dermis

connective tissue → receptor:thermoreceptors

hypodermis

also called subcutaneous layer

• connective tissue, alot of adipose tissue

Fascia (connective tissue)

• top of underlying muscle

Epidermis cell types

• keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

• 1st line of defense

4 major cell types

• keratinocytes (most common)

• Langerhans cells

• Melanocytes

• Merkel cells

keratinocytes

• produced by stem cells in deepest layer, migrate superficially

• as they mature, they flatten, lose organelles, accumulate keratin and eventually die

  • water-impermeable and pathogen resistant surface layer that constantly sloughs off and is replenis

Langerhans cells

Immune cells (act as macrophages → cells that ‘eat’ pathogen-infected cells)

• second line of defense

Melanocytes

produce pigment (protects from UV damage prevents folic acid breakdown)

• found in basal layer

• melanosomes stores melanin

• type of melonin produce determines colour

• how melanin are stored in cell important

Merkel cells

Merkel-ranvier cells/tactical epithelial cells, mechanoreceptors, detect light touch may connect to nerve endings

• found in basal layer

thick skin

soles of feet, palmar surface of hands including fingertips

• 5 layer in epidermis

thin skin

everywhere else

• 4 layer in epidermis

Epidermis layers

• stratum basale

• stratum spinosum

• stratum granulosum

• stratum lucidum

• stratum corneum

Stratum basale

also called stratum germinativum

• single layer of mostly cuboidal basal cells overlying. Connects to basement membranes

  • dividing, attached via desmosomes + hemidesmosomes absorption + transport to rest of epidermis

stratum spinosum

cells migrating superficially

• continual exchange of nutrient and waste

stratum granulosum

cells accumulate keratin

• cells accumulate keratin and start to flatten

• produce and release lamellar granules and lipids

• dorm tight junctions w/ each other

  • Lamellar granules contain a waterproofing glycolipid

stratum lucidum

thick skin only

• thin layer of tightly packed dead keratinocytes

  • contain eleidin → clear protein, water impermeable

stratum corneum

thick layer of dead keratinocytes

• protection from physical force, pathogens, and prevention of water loss

• outermost layer of dead cells constantly sloughing off

Dermis

• connective tissue that underlines and supports epidermis

• contain blood and lymph vessels, nerves, hair follicles, arrector pilli muscles, glands

• 2 layers: papillary layer and reticular layer

Papillary layer

loose areolar connective tissue

• papillar between epidermis and dermis act to hold the skin together

  • Dermal papillae: tightly interlock the dermis and epidermis

    • form ridges known as fingerprints

      • contain tactile (meissner) corpuscles → detect light touch

        • deeper touch sensors = lamellar corpuscles (facinian corpuscles)

Reticular layer

thicker layer of dense irregular connective tissue deep to the papillary layer

• contains hair follicles, blood vessels, nerves

  • pacinian corpuscles (lamellar corpuscles) → sense deep pressure