Biology - Bioenergetics

What is the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis?

1. As temperature increases so does ROP

2. Optimum temperature is released

3. When temperature gets too high enzymes denature

4. When enzymes are denatured ROP stops, as temperature is the limiting factor

What effect do the amount of chlorophyll have on photosynthesis?

1. As the number of chloroplasts increase so does ROP

2. Optimum rate of photosynthesis is reached

3. ROP stays the same because other factors are limiting the ROP

What effect does the light intensity have on the rate of photosynthesis?

1. As the light intensity increases so does the ROP

2. Optimum light intensity is reached

3. ROP remains the same as another factor has become limiting.

How does carbon dioxide concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis?

1. As the carbon dioxide concentration increases so does the ROP

2. Optimum carbon dioxide concentration is reached

3. Rate of photosynthesis stays the same because another factor is limiting.

What are plants five main uses of glucose?

1) Respiration

2) Making cellulose

3) Making amino acids

4) Being turned into lipids and stored as oils and facts

5) Being stored to starch

How can you artificially create the right light intensity for farming?

Farmers use artificial light to provide light at night as in a greenhouse during the day sunlight is trapped but at night when the sun goes down artificial light can be used to provide light.

How can you artificially create the right temperature for farming?

Firstly greenhouses trap the. The Sun’s heat which stops temperature being a limiting factor but farmers also use heaters in the winter to maintain temperature and ventilation in the summer to temperature doesn’t become too hot and enzymes denature

How can you artificially create the right CO2 concentration for farming?

You can use a paraffin heater which burns CO2 which helps to maintain the CO2 concentration

Can you protect plants from being damaged?

Keep them in enclosed area and use herbicides and pesticides

The graph shows the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis at two different temperatures. Explain how the graph shows that temperature becomes a limiting factor at higher light intensities. [3 marks]

The graph shows the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis at two different temperatures. Explain how the graph shows that temperature becomes a limiting factor at higher light intensities. [3 marks]

The graph shows the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis at two different carbon dioxide concentrations. Explain how the graph shows that carbon dioxide concentration becomes a limiting factor at higher light intensities. [3 marks]

At low light intensities, light is the limiting factor because increasing light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis. At higher light intensities, the rate at the lower CO₂ concentration plateaus. The higher CO₂ concentration gives a higher rate of photosynthesis, showing that CO₂ concentration is limiting at the lower concentration.

What is the definition of respiration?

Respiration is the process that releases energy from glucose. It happens continuously in every living cell.

What is the function of ATP in cells?

ATP carries the energy released by respiration within. The cell uses ATP to power its activities.

How does cells use the energy transferred by respiration?

1) Muscle contraction

2) Cell division

3) Transmitting nerve impulses

4) Active transport

5) Maintaining body temperature

6) Building larger molecules from smaller ones

What type of reaction is respiration ?

Respiration is an exothermic reaction. Energy is transferred/released to the surroundings.

What is aerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration is respiration that uses oxygen. It is the most efficient way to release energy from glucose as glucose is fully broken down.

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

Glucose + oxygen - carbon dioxide + water (+ energy released)

Where in the cell does aerobic respiration take place?

Mitochondria

What is anaerobic respiration?

Anaerobic respiration is when energy is released from glucose without using oxygen. It is far less sufficient than aerobic respiration. Much less energy is released per glucose molecule as glucose is only partially broken down.

When do animal cells use anaerobic respiration?

When they cannot get enough oxygen, for example during vigorous exercise when the muscles are working very hard.

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

Glucose - Lactic acid (+energy released)

Glucose - Lactic acid (+energy released)

Glucose - ethanol + carbon dioxide (+energy released)

What is fermentation used in food and drink production?

Carbon dioxide - makes bread rise

Ethanol- the alcohol in beer and wine

What is anaerobic respiration in yeast called?

Fermentation

Why do muscles require more energy during an exercise?

As muscles are working harder and contracting more frequently therefore need to respire faster to release more energy.

What substances must be supplied more quickly during exercise?

Oxygen and glucose

What substance must be removed more quickly during exercise?

Carbon dioxide

What happens to breathing rate and depth when there is an increased demand of energy during an exercise?

Breathing right in depth increase so that more air can be drawn into the lungs, allowing more oxygen to pass into the blood and more carbon dioxide to be breathed out.

What happens to heart rate when there is an increased demand of energy during exercise?

Heart rate increases so that the heart can pump a greater volume of blood per minute meaning that oxygenated blood which contains glucose and oxygen reaches working muscle muscles faster and carbon dioxide is carried out more quickly.

What happens to blood flow when there is an increased demand of energy during exercise?

Blood flow is directed towards active muscles.

Why do muscles begin to respire anaerobically during vigorous exercise

Because the lungs heart and blood cannot deliver oxygen to the muscle muscles quickly enough to meet the energy demand through aerobic respiration alone.

What is the definition of oxygen debt?

The amount of extra energy needed to react with built-up lactic acid and remove it from the cells.

Why do breathing rate in heart rate stay high after vigourous exercise stops?

Breathing rate - Stays high to take in extra oxygen to repay the oxygen debt.

Heart rate - Stays high to keep blood moving, carrying lactic acid away from the muscles.

How is lactic acid cleared?

Blood takes lactic acid to the liver where it is broken down by oxygen (aerobic respiration) and converted into glucose.

When do poll and breathing rate return to normal?

Poll some breathing rate return to normal and lactic acid and carbon dioxide have been removed.

What is the definition of metabolism?

Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that happen in a cell or in the whole body.

1) glucose molecules joining up to make starch (plants) glycogen (animals) or cellulose ( plants use to it to build cell walls)

2) glucose and nitrate ions joined together to make amino acids which then join together to make protein

3) Glycerol and fatty acids joined together to make lipids

Describe two breaking down reactions

1) Glucose is broken down during respiration to release energy

2) Excess amino acids are broken down to formula urea which is carried to the kidneys and excreted through urine.