Anatomy Lecture #2: Human Movement Analysis Framework & Tissues

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues, as well as the 9-step Human Movement Analysis Framework and muscle contraction mechanics.

Epithelial tissue polarity and structure

Tissue characterized by distinct surfaces: an apical (free) surface facing the outside or a lumen, lateral surfaces connecting adjacent cells, and a basal surface anchored to an underlying basement membrane supported by vascular connective tissue.

Human Movement Analysis Framework

A 9-step analysis system comprising: 1. Region of the body, 2. Viewing perspective, 3. Bones/joints involved in the movement, 4. Anatomical name of movement, 5. Plane and axis, 6. Prime movers (agonist muscles), 7. Innervation, 8. Attachment points of prime movers, and 9. Antagonists.

Cellularity

The relative abundance and packing density of cells in a tissue; high cellularity indicates many cells packed closely together, whereas low cellularity indicates fewer cells with more space between them.

Apical surface

The exposed surface of epithelial tissue that faces the outside of the body or an internal body cavity/lumen, specialized for functions such as absorption or secretion.

Basal surface

The lower surface of epithelial tissue that attaches directly to the underlying basement membrane, anchoring the epithelial cells.

Avascularity (epithelial tissue)

The condition of epithelial tissue lacking blood vessels; it obtains nutrients and oxygen via diffusion from blood vessels located in the underlying connective tissue.

Extensive innervation (epithelial tissue)

The presence of numerous nerve fibers in epithelial tissue, enabling the detection of sensory stimuli such as touch, pain, and temperature.

Simple epithelium

A single layer of epithelial cells designed primarily for functional processes including absorption, secretion, and diffusion.

Simple squamous epithelium

A single layer of flat cells specialized to facilitate diffusion.

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A single layer of cube-shaped cells specialized for absorption and secretion.

Simple columnar epithelium

A single layer of tall, column-shaped cells specialized for absorption and secretion.

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A single-layered columnar epithelium that appears stratified and possesses cilia to move mucus.

Stratified epithelium

Epithelial tissue composed of multiple cell layers whose primary role is physical protection.

Nonkeratinized squamous epithelium

A multilayered epithelial tissue that provides moist physical protection.

Keratinized squamous epithelium

A multilayered epithelial tissue that provides strong protection and prevents water loss.

Transitional epithelium

A specialized stratified epithelium capable of stretching, found in structures such as the urinary bladder.

Suffix '-blast'

A word termination denoting an active, building, or matrix-producing cell (e.g., fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast).

Suffix '-cyte'

A word termination denoting a mature, non-dividing cell responsible for maintaining tissue matrix (e.g., fibrocyte, chondrocyte, osteocyte).

Suffix '-clast'

A word termination denoting a cell type specialized in breaking down or destroying matrix (e.g., osteoclast, chondroclast).

Mesenchyme

The embryonic connective-tissue precursor tissue from which all mature connective tissues and their specialized cells develop.

Connective tissue classification

The taxonomic organization of mesenchymal derivatives into connective tissue proper (loose and dense), supporting connective tissue (cartilage and bone), and fluid connective tissue (blood).

Hematoblast

A blood-forming stem or progenitor cell responsible for producing mature blood cells.

Blood

A fluid connective tissue consisting of blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) suspended within liquid plasma.

Macrophage

An immune cell that engulfs and destroys invading pathogens and cellular debris.

Fibroblast

The primary cell type found in connective tissue proper; responsible for synthesizing collagen and other components of the extracellular matrix.

Connective tissue proper

Tissue that supports, connects, and envelops other structures; categorized into loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, reticular) and dense connective tissue (regular, irregular, elastic).

Muscle tissue types

The three classes of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle (striated, multinucleated, voluntary), cardiac muscle (striated, branching, intercalated discs, involuntary), and smooth muscle (fusiform, non-striated, single central nucleus, involuntary).

Neuron

An excitable cell specialized to conduct and receive neurochemical signals; structurally divided into dendrites, a soma (cell body), and an axon terminating at synaptic terminals.

Glial cells

Non-neuronal cells in nervous tissue that assist, protect, and provide metabolic support to neurons.

Dendrite

A branched neuronal extension specialized to receive incoming neurochemical signals from adjacent neurons.

Soma (cell body)

The metabolic core of a neuron containing the nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles essential for cell viability.

Axon

The elongated neuronal process that propagates electrical impulses away from the cell body toward target cells.

Synaptic terminal

The distal extremity of an axon that secretes chemical neurotransmitters across a synapse to communicate with an effector or adjacent neuron.

Excitatory signal

A neural transmission that increases the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron generating an action potential.

Inhibitory signal

A neural transmission that decreases the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron generating an action potential.

Isometric contraction

A muscular contraction where agonist muscle force precisely equals external resistance force, resulting in a static joint angle.

Shortening (concentric) contraction

A muscle contraction where the force generated by the agonist muscle exceeds external resistance, causing muscle shortening and a decrease in joint angle.

Lengthening (eccentric) contraction

A muscle contraction where external resistance exceeds the force generated by the agonist, causing the muscle to elongate under tension and the joint angle to increase.

Agonist and antagonist muscles

Paired muscle groups during joint action, wherein the agonist (prime mover) contracts to produce movement while the antagonist relaxes or lengthens to permit motion.

Unilateral vs. Bilateral

Movement analysis terminology denoting muscle action occurring on only one side of the body (unilateral) versus simultaneously on both sides of the body (bilateral).

Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral

Anatomical descriptors specifying actions or structures situated on the same side of the body (ipsilateral) versus opposite sides of the body (contralateral).