Intro to Communication Disorders - Quiz 1

Communication

• used everyday

• process of sharing information between 2 or more people

Three main reasons to communicate

• to request

• to reject

• to comment

Two players in process of communication

sender and receiver

Four processes in communication

Formulation - Transmission - Reception - Comprehension

Formulation

• coordinating a message

• putting thoughts and ideas into words to share with others

• involves language

Transmission

• conveying a message

• express thoughts and ideas to others

• involves speech

Reception

• receiving a message

• involves hearing

Comprehension

• making sense of a message

• interpret communication

• involves language

Modalities of Communication

• method of communication

• ex: speech, sign, reading, writing

Types of Feedback

linguistic, non-linguistic, paralinguistic feedback

Linguistic Feedback

purely verbal, involves words, “I agree”

Non-Linguistic (Extralinguistic) Feedback

doesn’t involve words at all. Consists of gestures, facial expressions, posture, eye contact

Paralinguistic Feedback

how something is said rather than what is said. includes vocal elements like pitch and loudness

Purposes of communication

instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, heuristic, imaginative, informative

instrumental communication

when you need to ask for something

regulatory communication

give directions, ask directions

Interactional communication

social interactions, everyday

personal communication

express state of mind or feeling

heuristic communication

seek for information

imaginative communication

hypothetical, role play

informative communication

provide descriptions, elaborate on a topic

Grice’s Maxims

principle of quantity, quality, relevance, manner

principle of quantity

provides the right amount and type of info

principle of quality

shares info that is accurate

principle of relevance

maintains the topic

principle of manner

speaks fluently

language

socially shared code that uses a conventional system of arbitrary symbols to represent ideas about the world that are meaningful to others who know the same code

universality of language

language is equally complex across cultures and time

species specificity of language

animals do not use words but certain species communicate with certain body language to show their feelings

productivity of language

can say the same thing in many different ways

rate of acquisition of language

how fast someone speaks, the pace of language

critical period

first 5 years of life are a critical period for langauge development

Language domains

form, content, use

form of language

syntax, morphology, phonology

content of language

semantic components, vocab, knowledge

use of langauge

pragmatics, ability to use language in context for social purposes

Syntax (form)

• study of grammar

• rules of language governing the internal organization of sentences

morphology (form)

• study of structure of a word and how it is formed

• rules of language governing internal organization of words (-ed, -s, -ly)

semantics (content)

• language and vocab knowledge

• study of the meaning of language

phonology (form)

• study of how you pronounce each sound

• accents

• sounds we use to make syllables and words

• phonemes (we have 40)

pragmatics (use)

rules of language governing social purposes

Speech uses muscles in 3 systems

• respiration - lungs

• phonation - trachea (windpipe), vocal cords, oral and nasal cavity

• articulation - oral articulators (tongue, teeth, jaw)

4 essential building blocks of normal speech

breathstream, voice, articulation, fluency

Outer Ear

lobe and cartilage

Inner ear

includes cochlear/auditory nerve

sends all sound info to the brain

Co-articulation

• phenomenon of overlapping articulatory movements

• the way in which the pronunciation of one sound affects the pronunciation of neighboring sounds

Disorders of Language

• child language disorders

• adult language disorders

• reading disabilities

child language disorders

• language delays

• problems in development of semantics, syntax, morphology, phonology, or pragmatics

Adult language disorders

• having a stroke and losing language

• damage to left hemisphere of brain can cause aphasia

reading disabilities

• dyslexia

• reading development is impaired

Disorders of speech

• articulation and phonological disorders

• fluency disorders

• voice disorders

• motor speech disorders

articulation and phonological disorders

• impairments characterized by distortions, substitutions, and omissions of speech sounds

• cleft palate or cerebral palsy

fluency disorders

• stuttering

voice disorders

• difficulties with voice production

• complete lack of voice - aphonia

• hoarse voice - dysphonia

motor speech disorders

• how to articulate all the sounds

• distortions, substitutions, omissions of speech sounds

• dysfunction in nervous system

Hearing loss

• sensorineural hearing loss

• conductive hearing loss

• auditory processing disorders

sensorineural hearing loss

a breakdown in the hearing system in the inner ear or in the auditory nerve that runs from the inner ear to the brain centers

conductive hearing loss

a breakdown in the hearing system in the outer or middle ear

auditory processing disorders

• problems in localizing sounds and discriminating

• attention problems, poor listening skills

Feeding and Swallowing disorders

• pediatric feeding and swallowing problems

• adult dysphagia

pediatric feeding and swallowing problems

associated with specific developmental disorders such as cleft palate, cerebral palsy, prematurity or low birth weight

adult dysphagia

swallowing disorder due to nervous system dysfunction due to stroke or alzheimer’s