Power Two-Break down

What is the plasma membrane, and what is its structure and function??

is the cell's protective wall, for the intracellular and extracellular, composed of lipid, carbohydrate, and protein arranged in a bilayer.

What is the Endoplasmic reticulum and why is it important?

Network of tubules which produces proteins and fats. Its important in the regulation of ions within the cell.

What are the two types in endoplasmic reticulum?

Rough- which contains ribosomes bound to its membrane that synthesize protein. Product of lysosomal enzymes (acid hydrolases).

Smooth-synthesis of lipids, lipoproteins, and steroid hormones. Regulates of intracellular calcium.

what does Golgi ?

Is a membrane structure which prepares substances by the endoplasmic reticulum for secretion out the cell.

What does Lysosome do?

It is a small sac surrounded by membrane which digest cellular debris with hydrolytic enzymes. It is important in the metabolism of particular substances.

What is Peroxisome

It is membrane enclosed smaller than lysosome. it contains enzymes called oxidases that neutralize free radicals. Also promotes survival of the call by neutralizing harmful substances potentially damaging to the cell.

Proteasomes

Protein quality control by degrading damaged or misfolded proteins.

What is function of Mitochondrion?

Aerobic cellular respiration: uses/depend oxygen to produce

ATP(adenosine triphosphate) principle producer of the cellls energy

Cytochrome enzymes: helps with terminal electron transport necessary for ATP production

What is the function of cytoplasm?

is everything inside the plasma membrane except the nucleus. It is a colloidal substances is composed of water, proteins, fats electrolytes and pigments.

Is the control center of the cell, which contains doxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

What is the function of Cytoskeleton?

it is not a organelle. It forms a framework made up of proteins organized into filaments and tubules, which contributes to cell shape, movement, and intracellular transport.

What is the two main cytoskeleton components

Microfilaments: Size and shape

Microtubules: Thin protein structures composed of tubulin.

What is the function of passive transport?

Substances may enter passively, which mean that no energy is required by this process. Substances move from high gradient to low concentration, also known as moving moving down the concentration gradient

What is the function of DIFFUSION

The movement of molecules (gases or solute) from an area of higher concertation to an area f low concentration (oxygen moving into a cell and carbon moving out).

What is the function of OSMOSIS?

The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration, aiming to equalize solute concentrations on both sides.

What is the function of FACILITATED TRANSPORT?

Involves the process by which substances (typically polar molecules or ions) cross a cell membrane with the aid of carrier proteins. This method allows substances to move down their higher concentration gradient to lower concentration through a specific transport protein in the membrane without requiring energy, similar to diffusion.

What is the function of Endocytosis and its two categories?

is the process used to transport large substance into a cell.

What are the two categories of Endocytosis?

Pinocytosis: Engulfs small liquid droplets or dissolved substances. Brings in fluids and solutes into small vesicles

Phagocytosis: is the ATP-requiring process of ingesting large particles such as cells and bacteria, performed by specialized cells like macrophages and neutrophils.

What is EXOCYTOSIS (SECRETION) and how does it works?

A type of active transport in which Golgi apparatus works with the endoplasmic reticulum to package cellular products (hormones, enzymes , proteins) into vessels. The vesicles move toward and fuse with the plasma membrane releasing their content into the extracellular environment.

What is the function of respiration?

A series of metabolic processes that transform fuel molecules(usually glucose) into unstable energy (ATP) and waste products like carbon dioxide and water.

what are the functions Aerobic and Anaerobic in the respiration

Aerobic respiration: is much more efficient and occurs in most animal cells. Uses oxygen, high (36-38 ATP) production and happens in the Mitochondria (glycosis’ 2, Krebs cycle 2 and electron transport chain 32-34.

Anaerobic respiration: No oxygen use, happens in some microorganism and human muscle, cells during intense activity, producing Latic acid generates less energy (2 ATP), and happens in the cytoplasm.(glycolysis only)

What function is communication ?

An essential process that allows cells to respond to their environment and coordinate functions. Which include proteins used for cell structure and cell fuction and enzymes.

What is the function of mitosis

Produces two identical daughter cells. Used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. Occurs in somatic(body)n cells

What is the function of Meiosis

Produces four genetically unique gamtes (sperm or egg). Reduces chromosomes number by half (haploid cells). occurs only in reproductive cells.

What is the function of cellular differentiation?

The process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function, critical in development from a single fertilized egg into various cell types. example: muscle, nerve, skin and skin cells.

What is the function of Atrophy

Decrease in cell size due to reduce workload. Which use blood supply or nutrition.

Example: A muscle shrinking in limb which was immobilized in a case. Decrease oxygen supply to the cell or ischemia.

What is the function of Hypertrophy?

An increase in the size of individual cells, leading to a larger organ or tissue, for example, enlargement of cardiac muscle cells due to high blood pressure and increase in sex hormones/ pregnancy breast milk

Describes Hyperplasia

An increase In the number of cells in a tissue or organ.