Learning and Memory Test 2

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A model that says memory moves through Sensory Memory → Short-Term Memory → Long-Term Memory.

Model of Memory

A model of memory is a way of explaining how memory works and how information is stored and used.

Echoic Memory

A type of sensory memory for sounds that lasts for a very short time.

Episodic Memory

Category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences

Explicit Memory

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”

Iconic Memory

Visual stimuli- lasts no more than a few tenths of a second

Implicit Memory

Memory that influences behavior without conscious recollection

Knowing how to ride a bike even though you aren't consciously thinking through every step.

Long-Term Memory

Stores information for a long time

Priming

Something you’ve seen before influences your response later

Short-Term Memory

Holds a small amount of information for a short period of time

Semantic Memory

Memory for facts and knowledge

Sperling Study

Visual/Iconic- showed that people can briefly remember a lot of visual information, but it fades very quickly.

Sensory Memory

Briefly holds information from your senses before it disappears or moves into short-term memory.

Brown-Peterson Distractor

distracts you from rehearsing in short-term memory

Given 3 letters, instead of repeating have to count backwards, then asked to remember letters

Chunking

Grouping information into smaller, meaningful groups to make it easier to remember

Corsi Test

Measures your ability to remember the location and order of visual information.

Digit Span

Test of how many numbers you can remember and repeat in the correct order.

Double-Dissociation

two abilities are separate

Kintsch & Bushke Study

Demonstrates that STM and LTM differ in how they encode information

STM is acoustic (sound-based)
LTM is semantic (meaning-based)

Phonological Similarity Effect

Words that sound alike are harder to remember than words that sound very different.

Primacy Effect

Remembering the first items on a list better than the items in the middle.

Recency Effect

Remembering the last items on a list better than the items in the middle.

Serial Position Curve

A graph that shows we remember the beginning and end of a list better than the middle.

STM vs WM

STM temporarily stores information for a short amount of time

WM temporarily stores AND works with the information

Verbal STM

Short-term memory for words and sounds.

Visual Pattern Span

The ability to remember visual patterns or shapes for a short time.

Visual STM

Short-term memory for visual information, like shapes, colors, or images.

Word Length Effect

Shorter words are easier to remember than longer words.

Baddeley & Hitch Study

noticed that even while holding sound information in PL we can also process and manipulate information
Developed a divided attention task to examine this ability
First, present people with a digit sequence
Then, give them a reasoning task to work through

Baddeley’s Working Memory Model

• Central Executive → controls attention and coordinates everything.

• 🔊 Phonological Loop → holds words and sounds.

• 👀 Visuospatial Sketchpad (VSS) → holds visual and spatial information.

• 🔗 Episodic Buffer → combines information from different sources.

Binding

The process of putting different pieces of information together to form one complete memory.

You remember a person’s face + their name + where you met them as one memory.

Central Executive

The part of working memory that controls attention and coordinates the other parts of working memory.

Confabulation

When someone unintentionally creates or remembers false information as if it were a real memory.

Episodic Buffer

The part of working memory that combines information from different sources into one complete memory.

You see a dog, hear someone say “dog,” and remember petting the dog.

Nonword Repetition Test

A test where you repeat made-up words that you have never heard before.

Phonological Loop

The part of working memory that temporarily holds words and sounds.

Supervisory Attentional System

A system that helps you control your attention and behavior when you need to consciously focus or make a decision.

You are driving and suddenly see a road closed. You have to stop, pay attention, and decide what to do instead of just driving automatically.

VSS

The part of working memory that temporarily holds visual and spatial information.

Remembering where your car is parked or picturing the layout of your bedroom in your head.